{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T22:57:41Z","timestamp":1789167461766,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"27","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,24]],"date-time":"2024-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719187200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"GHGSat, Inc.","award":["A53841"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A53841"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014553","name":"Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["A41602"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A41602"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014553","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    We show that the Landsat and Sentinel-2 satellites can detect NO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    plumes from large point sources at 10 to 60 m pixel resolution in their blue and ultrablue bands. We use the resulting NO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    plume imagery to quantify nitrogen oxides (NO\n                    <jats:sub>x<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) emission rates for several power plants in Saudi Arabia and the United States, including a 13-y analysis of 132 Landsat plumes from Riyadh power plant 9 from 2009 through 2021. NO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    in the plumes initially increases with distance from the source, likely reflecting recovery from ozone titration. The fine pixel resolutions of Landsat and Sentinel-2 enable separation of individual point sources and stacks, including in urban background, and the long records enable examination of multidecadal emission trends. Our inferred NO\n                    <jats:sub>x<\/jats:sub>\n                    emission rates are consistent with previous estimates to within a precision of about 30%. Sources down to ~500 kg h\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    can be detected over bright, quasi-homogeneous surfaces. The 2009 to 2021 data for Riyadh power plant 9 show a strong summer peak in emissions, consistent with increased power demand for air conditioning, and a marginal slow decrease following the introduction of Saudi Arabia\u2019s Ambient Air Standard 2012.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2317077121","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,24]],"date-time":"2024-06-24T15:01:33Z","timestamp":1719241293000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Quantifying NO\n                    <sub>x<\/sub>\n                    point sources with Landsat and Sentinel-2 satellite observations of NO\n                    <sub>2<\/sub>\n                    plumes"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"121","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3207-5731","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel J.","family":"Varon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dylan","family":"Jervis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GHGSat, Inc., Montr\u00e9al, QC H2W 1Y5, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sudhanshu","family":"Pandey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebastian L.","family":"Gallardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Atomico Bariloche, Bariloche, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-4825-8414","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicholas","family":"Balasus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura Hyesung","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6373-3100","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel J.","family":"Jacob","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.09.027"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aax9800"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-13-2995-2021"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-15-3051-2023"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/abc445"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2022.119482"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/acb837"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.08.026"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.11.026"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-14-2771-2021"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.1c08575"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","unstructured":"A. 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