{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T01:03:22Z","timestamp":1793495002749,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"50","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,2]],"date-time":"2024-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733097600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Child undernutrition remains a widespread public health problem in the Global South, especially in Africa. Childhood stunting\u2014meaning linear growth retardation\u2014is a comprehensive and commonly used indicator of chronic child undernutrition and is mostly the result of insufficient nutrient intake, among other factors. Previous research showed that the consumption of animal-sourced foods (ASF), including meat, dairy, eggs, and fish, is associated with lower rates of child stunting, but reliable evidence for Africa is scant. In Africa, average ASF consumption is low. We use representative panel data from five African countries\u2014Ethiopia, Malawi, Nigeria, Tanzania, and Uganda\u2014with over 32,000 observations from children aged 0 to 5 y to show that ASF consumption increases mean child height-for-age Z-scores (HAZ) by 0.30 (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; 0.01) and reduces the likelihood of stunting by 6.8 percentage points (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; 0.01), after controlling for confounding factors. The child nutritional benefits of diets containing ASF are larger than those of purely plant-based diets. Nutritious plant-based foods, such as fruits, vegetables, and legumes, can provide most of the nutrients required and also have positive effects on HAZ, but they are sometimes not available and accessible in sufficient quantities all year round, especially in rural areas. Given the large environmental footprints of livestock farming, initiatives to make food systems more sustainable often call for a strong reduction in ASF consumption. While ASF consumption should be reduced where consumption quantities are high, our results suggest that poor households\u2019 access to ASF in Africa should be further improved to help reduce child undernutrition.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2319009121","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,2]],"date-time":"2024-12-02T15:10:12Z","timestamp":1733152212000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Animal-sourced foods improve child nutrition in Africa"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"121","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-9247-2310","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Makaiko G.","family":"Khonje","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CABI, Social Science, Nairobi 00100, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4143-0763","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matin","family":"Qaim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Development Research (ZEF), University of Bonn, Bonn 53113, Germany"},{"name":"Institute for Food and Resource Economics, University of Bonn, Bonn 53113, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","volume-title":"Global Nutrition Report 2022","year":"2022","unstructured":"Global Nutrition Report 2022 (Development Initiatives, Bristol, 2022)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","volume-title":"Levels and Trends in Child Malnutrition: UNICEF\/WHO\/World Bank Group Joint Child Malnutrition Estimates: Key findings of the 2023 edition","author":"UNICEF, WHO & World Bank","year":"2023","unstructured":"UNICEF, WHO & World Bank, Levels and Trends in Child Malnutrition: UNICEF\/WHO\/World Bank Group Joint Child Malnutrition Estimates: Key findings of the 2023 edition (UNICEF and WHO, New York, 2023), CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s43016-022-00502-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-022-01076-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-41543-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1905228116"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmy101"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(19)30447-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-19020-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s43016-021-00259-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajae\/aay053"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/133.11.3932S"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/156482651103200301"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodpol.2013.12.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxz253"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2016-3459"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodpol.2023.102585"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s43016-021-00358-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1523119113"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-resource-111820-032340"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-20061-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2023.106316"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mcn.12430"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40066-016-0079-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodpol.2023.102485"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodpol.2023.102547"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2009-1519"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60843-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(18)30374-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abc2162"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajae\/aaz032"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0186406"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(22)00071-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2018.07.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0187816"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_36_2","unstructured":"A. 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