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Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Hatching failure affects up to 77% of eggs laid by threatened bird species, yet the true prevalence and drivers of egg fertilization failure versus embryo mortality as underlying mechanisms of hatching failure are unknown. Here, using ten years of data comprising 4,371 eggs laid by a population of a threatened bird, the hihi (\n                    <jats:italic>Notiomystis cincta)<\/jats:italic>\n                    , we investigate the relative importance of infertility and embryo death as drivers of hatching failure and explore population-level factors associated with them. We show that of the 1,438 eggs that failed to hatch (33% of laid eggs) between 2010 and 2020, 83% failed due to embryo mortality, with the majority failing in the early stages of embryonic development. In the most comprehensive estimates of infertility rates in a wild bird population to date, we find that fertilization failure accounts for around 17% of hatching failure overall and is more prevalent in years where the population is smaller and more male biased. Male embryos are more likely to die during early development than females, but we find no overall effect of sex on the successful development of embryos. Offspring fathered by within-pair males have significantly higher inbreeding levels than extra-pair offspring; however, we find no effect of inbreeding nor extra-pair paternity on embryo mortality. Accurately distinguishing between infertility and embryo mortality in this study provides unique insight into the underlying causes of reproductive failure over a long-term scale and reveals the complex risks of small population sizes to the reproduction of threatened species.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2319104121","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,26]],"date-time":"2024-08-26T15:05:06Z","timestamp":1724684706000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Demographic drivers of reproductive failure in a threatened bird: Insights from a decade of data"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"121","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3037-2118","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fay","family":"Morland","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London NW8 7LS, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John G.","family":"Ewen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London NW8 7LS, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna W.","family":"Santure","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6298-3194","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patricia","family":"Brekke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London NW8 7LS, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2418-3625","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicola","family":"Hemmings","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1133311"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0016557"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","unstructured":"R. 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