{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T16:03:59Z","timestamp":1787501039684,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":132,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,20]],"date-time":"2024-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716163200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"HHS | NIH | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P01 HL152953"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P01 HL152953"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000066","name":"HHS | NIH | National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 ES032253"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 ES032253"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"HHS | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01 AI147462"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01 AI147462"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008548","name":"Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008548","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Electric school buses have been proposed as an alternative to reduce the health and climate impacts of the current U.S. school bus fleet, of which a substantial share are highly polluting old diesel vehicles. However, the climate and health benefits of electric school buses are not well known. As they are substantially more costly than diesel buses, assessing their benefits is needed to inform policy decisions. We assess the health benefits of electric school buses in the United States from reduced adult mortality and childhood asthma onset risks due to exposure to ambient fine particulate matter (PM\n                    <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                    ). We also evaluate climate benefits from reduced greenhouse-gas emissions. We find that replacing the average diesel bus in the U.S. fleet in 2017 with an electric bus yields $84,200 in total benefits. Climate benefits amount to $40,400\/bus, whereas health benefits amount to $43,800\/bus due to 4.42*10\n                    <jats:sup>\u22123<\/jats:sup>\n                    fewer PM\n                    <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                    -attributable deaths ($40,000 of total) and 7.42*10\n                    <jats:sup>\u22123<\/jats:sup>\n                    fewer PM\n                    <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                    -attributable new childhood asthma cases ($3,700 of total). However, health benefits of electric buses vary substantially by driving location and model year (MY) of the diesel buses they replace. Replacing old, MY 2005 diesel buses in large cities yields $207,200\/bus in health benefits and is likely cost-beneficial, although other policies that accelerate fleet turnover in these areas deserve consideration. Electric school buses driven in rural areas achieve small health benefits from reduced exposure to ambient PM\n                    <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                    . Further research assessing benefits of reduced exposure to in-cabin air pollution among children riding buses would be valuable to inform policy decisions.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2320338121","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,20]],"date-time":"2024-05-20T15:01:22Z","timestamp":1716217282000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Adopting electric school buses in the United States: Health and climate benefits"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"121","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3670-2405","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ernani F.","family":"Choma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. 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Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","unstructured":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Fast Facts: U.S. transportation sector greenhouse gas emissions (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: Office of Transportation and Air Quality EPA Document No. EPA 420-F-23-016 2023). https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/system\/files\/documents\/2023-06\/420f23016.pdf. 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