{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T15:36:50Z","timestamp":1790350610637,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"26","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,17]],"date-time":"2024-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718582400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,25]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>An often-overlooked question of the biodiversity crisis is how natural hazards contribute to species extinction risk. To address this issue, we explored how four natural hazards, earthquakes, hurricanes, tsunamis, and volcanoes, overlapped with the distribution ranges of amphibians, birds, mammals, and reptiles that have either narrow distributions or populations with few mature individuals. To assess which species are at risk from these natural hazards, we combined the frequency and magnitude of each natural hazard to estimate their impact. We considered species at risk if they overlapped with regions where any of the four natural hazards historically occurred (n = 3,722). Those species with at least a quarter of their range subjected to a high relative impact were considered at high risk (n = 2,001) of extinction due to natural hazards. In total, 834 reptiles, 617 amphibians, 302 birds, and 248 mammals were at high risk and they were mainly distributed on islands and in the tropics. Hurricanes (n = 983) and earthquakes (n = 868) affected most species, while tsunamis (n = 272), and volcanoes (n = 171) affected considerably fewer. The region with the highest number of species at high risk was the Pacific Ring of Fire, especially due to volcanoes, earthquakes, and tsunamis, while hurricane-related high-risk species were concentrated in the Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, and northwestern Pacific Ocean. Our study provides important information regarding the species at risk due to natural hazards and can help guide conservation attention and efforts to safeguard their survival.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2321068121","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,17]],"date-time":"2024-06-17T15:03:33Z","timestamp":1718636613000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["A global map of species at risk of extinction due to natural hazards"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"121","author":[{"given":"Fernando","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Research on Biodiversity Dynamics and Climate Change, Department of Biodiversity, S\u00e3o Paulo State University, Rio Claro, Sao Paulo 13506-900, Brazil"},{"name":"Section for Molecular Ecology and Evolution, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 1350, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9031-2785","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Harith","family":"Farooq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 1350, Denmark"},{"name":"Faculty of Natural Sciences, L\u00fario University, Pemba 3200, Mozambique"},{"name":"Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 41319, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mike","family":"Harfoot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vizzuality, Calle de Fuencarral, Madrid 28010, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2500-4748","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mathias M.","family":"Pires","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Research on Biodiversity Dynamics and Climate Change, Department of Biodiversity, S\u00e3o Paulo State University, Rio Claro, Sao Paulo 13506-900, Brazil"},{"name":"Departamento de Biologia Animal, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, S\u00e3o Paulo 13083-862, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3609-4080","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nacho","family":"Villar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Research on Biodiversity Dynamics and Climate Change, Department of Biodiversity, S\u00e3o Paulo State University, Rio Claro, Sao Paulo 13506-900, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Aquatic Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Wageningen, PB 6708, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1159-6412","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lilian","family":"Sales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth, Environmental and Geographic Sciences, Irving K. Barber, Faculty of Science, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V8, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0063-2185","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carolina","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Research on Biodiversity Dynamics and Climate Change, Department of Biodiversity, S\u00e3o Paulo State University, Rio Claro, Sao Paulo 13506-900, Brazil"},{"name":"Instituto Tecnol\u00f3gico Vale, Bel\u00e9m, Par\u00e1 66055-090, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6351-4998","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carolina","family":"Bello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Research on Biodiversity Dynamics and Climate Change, Department of Biodiversity, S\u00e3o Paulo State University, Rio Claro, Sao Paulo 13506-900, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Environmental Systems Science, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Z\u00fcrich 8092, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1258-2816","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carine","family":"Emer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Research on Biodiversity Dynamics and Climate Change, Department of Biodiversity, S\u00e3o Paulo State University, Rio Claro, Sao Paulo 13506-900, Brazil"},{"name":"Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Bot\u00e2nico do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 22460-030, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0734-1866","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo S.","family":"Bovendorp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Research on Biodiversity Dynamics and Climate Change, Department of Biodiversity, S\u00e3o Paulo State University, Rio Claro, Sao Paulo 13506-900, Brazil"},{"name":"Applied Ecology and Conservation Lab, Departamento de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilh\u00e9us, Bahia 45662-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Calebe","family":"Mendes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Research on Biodiversity Dynamics and Climate Change, Department of Biodiversity, S\u00e3o Paulo State University, Rio Claro, Sao Paulo 13506-900, Brazil"},{"name":"Asean School of the Environment, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabrielle","family":"Beca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Research on Biodiversity Dynamics and Climate Change, Department of Biodiversity, S\u00e3o Paulo State University, Rio Claro, Sao Paulo 13506-900, Brazil"},{"name":"Australian Wildlife Conservancy, Subiaco, WA 6008, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2526-2333","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"La\u00eds","family":"Lautenschlager","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Research on Biodiversity Dynamics and Climate Change, Department of Biodiversity, S\u00e3o Paulo State University, Rio Claro, Sao Paulo 13506-900, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33124"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2133-0469","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuri","family":"Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Research on Biodiversity Dynamics and Climate Change, Department of Biodiversity, S\u00e3o Paulo State University, Rio Claro, Sao Paulo 13506-900, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33124"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felipe","family":"Pedrosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Research on Biodiversity Dynamics and Climate Change, Department of Biodiversity, S\u00e3o Paulo State University, Rio Claro, Sao Paulo 13506-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9754-4087","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia","family":"Paz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Research on Biodiversity Dynamics and Climate Change, Department of Biodiversity, S\u00e3o Paulo State University, Rio Claro, Sao Paulo 13506-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valesca B.","family":"Zipparro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Research on Biodiversity Dynamics and Climate Change, Department of Biodiversity, S\u00e3o Paulo State University, Rio Claro, Sao Paulo 13506-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paula","family":"Akkawi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Research on Biodiversity Dynamics and Climate Change, Department of Biodiversity, S\u00e3o Paulo State University, Rio Claro, Sao Paulo 13506-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2837-3928","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William","family":"Berc\u00ea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Research on Biodiversity Dynamics and Climate Change, Department of Biodiversity, S\u00e3o Paulo State University, Rio Claro, Sao Paulo 13506-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabiano","family":"Farah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Research on Biodiversity Dynamics and Climate Change, Department of Biodiversity, S\u00e3o Paulo State University, Rio Claro, Sao Paulo 13506-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5763-4990","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9 V. L.","family":"Freitas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biologia Animal, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, S\u00e3o Paulo 13083-862, Brazil"},{"name":"Museu de Diversidade Biol\u00f3gica, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, S\u00e3o Paulo 13083-862, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2576-7657","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00eds F\u00e1bio","family":"Silveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Museu de Zoologia de S\u00e3o Paulo, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 04263-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3832-6455","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"F\u00e1bio","family":"Olmos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Permian Global, London W1G 0LB, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1191-7610","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonas","family":"Geldmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 1350, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2867-2805","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bo","family":"Dalsgaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section for Molecular Ecology and Evolution, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 1350, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mauro","family":"Galetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Research on Biodiversity Dynamics and Climate Change, Department of Biodiversity, S\u00e3o Paulo State University, Rio Claro, Sao Paulo 13506-900, Brazil"},{"name":"Kimberly Green Latin American and Caribbean Center, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","unstructured":"Convention on Biological Diversity Decision CBD\/COP\/15\/L.26: Monitoring framework for the Kunming-Montreal global biodiversity framework (2022). https:\/\/www.cbd.int\/doc\/c\/179e\/aecb\/592f67904bf07dca7d0971da\/cop-15-l-26-en.pdf. Accessed 19 June 2023."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1251817"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1246752"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aba6592"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1474-919X.2006.00631.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/080192"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06722-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-263X.2012.00306.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms14914"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0959270900002598"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-009-9407-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0030605318000364"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-7429.2005.00025.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/condor\/107.2.424"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/zoo.21109"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ddi.12878"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gecco.2021.e01579"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0213311"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.2010.00700.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2388267"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/btp.12634"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/btp.13087"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1466-8238.2008.00412.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.2007.00402.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2121663119"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3207(94)90425-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_2","unstructured":"IUCN The IUCN Rred list of threatened species (Version 2022-1 2022). https:\/\/www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed 19 June 2023."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aam8326"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-5347(96)10026-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aax9387"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.13535"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2308901121"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/conl.12792"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2784-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1118387"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2005.06.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/conl.12762"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1739.2008.00967.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acv.12348"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cobi.13756"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17161\/randa.v20i3.13945"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_42_2","first-page":"337","article-title":"Conservation programmes for threatened endemic species in the Philippines","volume":"43","author":"Oliver W. L. R.","year":"1997","unstructured":"W. L. R. Oliver, R. Wirth, Conservation programmes for threatened endemic species in the Philippines. Internat. Zoo News 43, 337\u2013348 (1997).","journal-title":"Internat. Zoo News"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_43_2","volume-title":"Conservation of Mesoamerican Amphibians and Reptiles","author":"Wilson L. D.","year":"2010","unstructured":"L. D. Wilson, J. H. Townsend, J. D. Johnson, Conservation of Mesoamerican Amphibians and Reptiles (Eagle Mountain Inc., 2010)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/izy.12039"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2016.04.024"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/5542"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2014.0016"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0305103101"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511808999"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_50_2","unstructured":"BirdLife International & Nature Serve Bird species distribution maps of the world. Version 6. http:\/\/datazone.birdlife.org\/species\/requestdis (BirdLife International and Handbook of the Birds of the World 2023). Downloaded on 19 June 2023."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_51_2","unstructured":"National Geophysical Data Center World Data Service (NGDC\/WDS): NCEI\/WDS Global significant volcanic eruptions database (NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information). (Accessed 19 June 2023)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_52_2","unstructured":"National Geophysical Data Center World Data Service: NCEI\/WDS Global Historical tsunami database (NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information) (Accessed 19 June 2023)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_53_2","unstructured":"National Geophysical Data Center World Data Service (NGDC\/WDS): NCEI\/WDS Global significant earthquake database (NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information). (Accessed 19 June 2023)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_54_2","unstructured":"K. R. Knapp International best track archive for climate stewardship (IBTrACS) Project Version 4 (NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information 2010). (Accessed 19 June 2023)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_55_2","unstructured":"F. Gon\u00e7alves A global map of species at risk of extinction due to natural hazards (Dataset). Dryad. 10.5061\/dryad.m0cfxpp8s. Accessed 27 May 2023."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_56_2","unstructured":"H. Farooq A global map of species at risk of extinction due to natural hazards (Data analysis scripts). https:\/\/github.com\/harithmorgadinho\/natural_hazards. Accessed 27 May 2023."}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1073\/pnas.2321068121","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,17]],"date-time":"2024-06-17T15:05:59Z","timestamp":1718636759000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/10.1073\/pnas.2321068121"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,17]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"26","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,25]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1073\/pnas.2321068121"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2321068121","relation":{},"ISSN":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-8424","type":"print"},{"value":"1091-6490","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-12-02","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-05-05","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-06-17","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e2321068121"}}