{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T19:28:34Z","timestamp":1791228514323,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"32","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,29]],"date-time":"2024-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722211200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000923","name":"Department of Education and Training | Australian Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["(DP170101147 DP180100931 DP220101429)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["(DP170101147 DP180100931 DP220101429)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000923","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000923","name":"Department of Education and Training | Australian Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DP210103512"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DP210103512"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000923","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Heteromorphic sex chromosomes (XY or ZW) present problems of gene dosage imbalance between sexes and with autosomes. A need for dosage compensation has long been thought to be critical in vertebrates. However, this was questioned by findings of unequal mRNA abundance measurements in monotreme mammals and birds. Here, we demonstrate unbalanced mRNA levels of X genes in platypus males and females and a correlation with differential loading of histone modifications. We also observed unbalanced transcripts of Z genes in chicken. Surprisingly, however, we found that protein abundance ratios were 1:1 between the sexes in both species, indicating a post-transcriptional layer of dosage compensation. We conclude that sex chromosome output is maintained in chicken and platypus (and perhaps many other non therian vertebrates) via a combination of transcriptional and post-transcriptional control, consistent with a critical importance of sex chromosome dosage compensation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2322360121","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,29]],"date-time":"2024-07-29T15:07:55Z","timestamp":1722265675000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Incomplete transcriptional dosage compensation of chicken and platypus sex chromosomes is balanced by post-transcriptional compensation"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"121","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6597-4784","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicholas C.","family":"Lister","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of New South 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