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Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Nitrogen is one of the most limiting nutrients to forest productivity worldwide. Recently, it has been established that diverse ecosystems source a substantial fraction of their water from weathered bedrock, leading to questions about whether root-driven nitrogen cycling extends into weathered bedrock as well. In this study, we specifically examined nitrogen dynamics using specialized instrumentation distributed across a 16 m weathered bedrock vadose zone (WBVZ) underlying an old growth forest in northern California where the rhizosphere\u2014composed of plant roots and their associated microbiome\u2014extends meters into rock. We documented total dissolved nitrogen (TDN), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), inorganic nitrogen (ammonium and nitrate), and CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    and O\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    gases every 1.5 m to 16 m depth for 2 y. We found that TDN concentrations increased with depth, were an order of magnitude greater at 15 m than in the upper 30 cm, and that the majority of TDN throughout the weathered bedrock vadose zone was organic. We also found that TDN concentrations are influenced by depth, season, and interannual precipitation patterns. Carbon isotope composition of the DOC suggests that dissolved organic matter in the WBVZ is primarily derived from plant sources, and not the nitrogen-rich bedrock. We conclude that nitrogen dynamics in the WBVZ may be driven, in part, by an active rhizosphere, meters below the base of soil, and we argue that weathered bedrock horizons may play a key role in C-N cycling in ecosystems with deep-rooted plants.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2400452122","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,9]],"date-time":"2025-05-09T13:40:43Z","timestamp":1746798043000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Linked nitrogen and carbon dynamics reveal distinct pools and patterns in a deep, weathered bedrock rhizosphere"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"122","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9246-5782","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kelsey L.","family":"Crutchfield-Peters","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Biology, University of California","place":["Berkeley"]},{"name":"Earth and Environmental Sciences Area, Energy Geosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory","place":["Berkeley"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7621-8431","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniella M.","family":"Rempe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Jackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas at Austin"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1870-4981","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alison K.","family":"Tune","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Jackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas at Austin"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6871-3440","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Todd E.","family":"Dawson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Biology, University of California","place":["Berkeley"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2013.00299"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00333714"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2007.02370.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2008.02427.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eco.134"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/x26-150"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1800141115"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03761-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.16410"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.13629"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gexplo.2005.08.041"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.13338"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1461-0248.2007.01113.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/06-2057.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41561-019-0530-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2008.02751.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/erq425"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","volume-title":"Marschner\u2019s Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants","author":"Marschner H.","year":"2011","unstructured":"H. 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