{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T15:39:33Z","timestamp":1781105973641,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"34","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,12]],"date-time":"2024-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723420800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000125","name":"HHS | CDC | National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01OH010587"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01OH010587"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000125","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,20]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The human neck is a unique mechanical structure, highly flexible but fatigue prone. The rising prevalence of neck pain and chronic injuries has been attributed to increasing exposure to fatigue loading in activities such as prolonged sedentary work and overuse of electronic devices. However, a causal relationship between fatigue and musculoskeletal mechanical changes remains elusive. This work aimed to establish this relationship through a unique experiment design, inspired by a cantilever beam mechanical model of the neck, and an orchestrated deployment of advanced motion-force measurement technologies including dynamic stereo-radiographic imaging. As a group of 24 subjects performed sustained-till-exhaustion neck exertions in varied positions\u2014neutral, extended, and flexed, their cervical spine musculoskeletal responses were measured. Data verified the occurrence of fatigue and revealed fatigue-induced neck deflection which increased cervical lordosis or kyphosis by 4\u20135\u00b0 to 11\u00b0, depending on the neck position. This finding and its interpretations render a renewed understanding of muscle fatigue from a more unified motor control perspective as well as profound implications on neck pain and injury prevention.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2401874121","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,12]],"date-time":"2024-08-12T15:03:11Z","timestamp":1723474991000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["The deflection of fatigued neck"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"121","author":[{"given":"Yu","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Texas A&amp;M University, College Station, TX 77843"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Curran","family":"Reddy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&amp;M University, College Station, TX 77843"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xudong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Texas A&amp;M University, College Station, TX 77843"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&amp;M University, College Station, TX 77843"},{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&amp;M University, College Station, TX 77843"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2007.139477"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199405310-00006"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2007.11.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0268-0033(97)00013-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2008.04.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2009.01.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2012.02.019"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1992.73.4.1211"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00635990"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1050-6411(02)00004-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0270(97)02251-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004210170001"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.1100130313"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4598(199812)21:12<1706::AID-MUS13>3.0.CO;2-C"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2982.2008.01584.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-8141(92)90066-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00230049"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199804010-00006"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1993.74.1.170"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2012.07.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00222895.2015.1058241"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e31820b7e2f"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1115\/1.2206199"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2012.09.023"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1982.53.5.1094"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00222895.1986.10735369"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-008-0760-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoto.2019.3678"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_2","first-page":"276","article-title":"Quantitative anatomy of cervical ligaments. Part II. Middle and lower cervical spine","volume":"4","author":"Panjabi M.","year":"1991","unstructured":"M. Panjabi, T. Oxland, E. Parks, Quantitative anatomy of cervical ligaments. Part II. Middle and lower cervical spine. J. Spinal Disord. 4, 276\u2013285 (1991).","journal-title":"J. Spinal Disord."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/os.12474"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2015.02.049"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_2","first-page":"270","article-title":"Quantitative anatomy of cervical spine ligaments. Part I. Upper cervical spine","volume":"4","author":"Panjabi M. M.","year":"1991","unstructured":"M. M. Panjabi, T. R. Oxland, E. H. Parks, Quantitative anatomy of cervical spine ligaments. Part I. Upper cervical spine. J. Spinal Disord. 4, 270\u2013276 (1991).","journal-title":"J. Spinal Disord."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1991.75.2.0221"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.1100060317"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0268-0033(97)00053-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199806150-00005"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720818790719"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/crad.2001.0703"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199402000-00004"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-197803000-00003"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2017.06.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.BRS.0000116998.55056.3C"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.math.2012.12.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S. K. Chowdhury \u201cIntegrating multi-modality imaging and biodynamic measurements for studying neck biomechanics during sustained-till-exhaustion neck exertions\u201d in Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting (SAGE Publications Sage CA Los Angeles CA 2017).","DOI":"10.1177\/1541931213601728"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11431-020-1672-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.K.01733"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2008.03.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200112150-00012"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1073\/pnas.2401874121","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,12]],"date-time":"2024-08-12T15:06:15Z","timestamp":1723475175000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/10.1073\/pnas.2401874121"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,12]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"34","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,20]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1073\/pnas.2401874121"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2401874121","relation":{},"ISSN":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-8424","type":"print"},{"value":"1091-6490","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-01-27","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-07-10","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-08-12","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e2401874121"}}