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Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,25]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Mammalian opsin 3 (OPN3) is a member of the opsin family of G-protein-coupled receptors with ambiguous light sensitivity. OPN3 was first identified in the brain (and named encephalopsin) and subsequently found to be expressed in other tissues. In adipocytes, OPN3 is necessary for light responses that modulate lipolysis and glucose uptake, while OPN3 in human skin melanocytes regulates pigmentation in a light-independent manner. Despite its initial discovery in the brain, OPN3 functional mechanisms in the brain remain elusive. Here, we investigated the molecular mechanism of OPN3 function in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus. We show that\n                    <jats:italic>Opn3<\/jats:italic>\n                    is coexpressed with the melanocortin 4 receptor (\n                    <jats:italic>Mc4r<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) in a population of PVN neurons, where it negatively regulates MC4R-mediated cAMP signaling in a specific and G\u03b1\n                    <jats:sub>i\/o<\/jats:sub>\n                    -dependent manner. Under baseline conditions, OPN3 via G\u03b1\n                    <jats:sub>i\/o<\/jats:sub>\n                    potentiates the activity of the inward rectifying Kir7.1 channel, previously shown to be closed in response to agonist-mediated activation of MC4R in a G\u03b1\n                    <jats:sub>s<\/jats:sub>\n                    -independent manner. In mice, we found that\n                    <jats:italic>Opn3<\/jats:italic>\n                    in\n                    <jats:italic>Mc4r<\/jats:italic>\n                    -expressing neurons regulates food consumption. Our results reveal the first mechanistic insight into OPN3 function in the hypothalamus, uncovering a unique mechanism by which OPN3 functions to potentiate Kir7.1 activity and negatively regulate MC4R-mediated cAMP signaling, thereby promoting food intake.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2403891122","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,14]],"date-time":"2025-02-14T13:47:06Z","timestamp":1739540826000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Hypothalamic opsin 3 suppresses MC4R signaling and potentiates Kir7.1 to promote food consumption"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"122","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7033-7280","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hala K.","family":"Haddad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biology and Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Brown University","place":["Providence"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5480-7681","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan I.","family":"Mercado-Reyes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Abrahamson Pediatric Eye Institute, and Science of Light Center, Cincinnati Children\u2019s Hospital Medical Center","place":["Cincinnati"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E. Rom\u00e1n","family":"Mustaf\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrophysiology Lab, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biolog\u00eda Celular","place":["La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6344-1434","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shane P.","family":"D\u2019Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Abrahamson Pediatric Eye Institute, and Science of Light Center, Cincinnati Children\u2019s Hospital Medical Center","place":["Cincinnati"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C. 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