{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T14:31:51Z","timestamp":1781101911183,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"50","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,3]],"date-time":"2024-12-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733184000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>A large body of research documents the barriers faced by first-generation, low-income (FGLI) students as \u201chidden minorities\u201d on elite college campuses. Although existing studies show brief psychological interventions can help mitigate some of these obstacles, universities are investing in more intensive interventions that try to both shift mindsets and mitigate structural disadvantages in FGLI students\u2019 academic preparation. In collaboration with the administrators at a highly selective university, we conducted a randomized controlled trial of a summer bridge program targeted at FGLI students. During summers between 2017 and 2019, we randomly selected 232 out of 418 first-generation or low-income students and invited them to attend an intensive, six-week-long residential summer program featuring courses for academic credit. Students randomized to the control group either interacted with online content offering no academic credit or had no summer intervention. Our preregistered analysis shows that the program encouraged FGLI students to pursue a more ambitious first-year program, increasing the proportion of nonintroductory courses by 7 percentage points. The program also increased the proportion of courses taken for a grade rather than as pass-fail by 6 percentage points. These improvements were accompanied by no discernible impact on first-year grade point averages (GPAs) and academic withdrawal. The findings show the potential to academically integrate FGLI students into selective university communities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2404924121","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,3]],"date-time":"2024-12-03T13:40:03Z","timestamp":1733233203000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["A summer bridge program for first-generation low-income students stretches academic ambitions with no adverse impacts on first-year GPA"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"121","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2475-6622","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebecca A.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"McCourt School of Public Policy, Department of Sociology","place":["Washington"]},{"name":"Georgetown University","place":["Washington"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9382-7346","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tyler","family":"Simko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Politics","place":["Princeton"]},{"name":"Princeton University","place":["Princeton"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2748-1022","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kosuke","family":"Imai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Politics","place":["Princeton"]},{"name":"Princeton University","place":["Princeton"]},{"name":"Department of Statistics","place":["Cambridge"]},{"name":"Harvard University","place":["Cambridge"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjaa005"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400831463"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0038040711411280"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Brookings Papers on Economic Activity","author":"Hoxby C.","year":"2013","unstructured":"C. Hoxby, C. Avery, \u201cThe missing \u201cOne-offs\u201d: The hidden supply of high-achieving, low-income students\u201d in Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, D. H. Romer, J. Wolfers, Eds. (Economic Studies Program, The Brookings Institution, 2013), vol. 44, pp. 1\u201365."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.econedurev.2012.11.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00221546.2015.11777363"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2306017120"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pam.22262"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S. Dynarski C. Libassi K. Michelmore S. Owen \u201cClosing the gap: The effect of a targeted tuition-free promise on college choices of high-achieving low-income students\u201d (Working Paper Series 25349 National Bureau of Economic Research 2018). http:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w25349. 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