{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T18:31:20Z","timestamp":1790101880914,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"43","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,16]],"date-time":"2024-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729036800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Lockdowns were implemented to reduce the transmission of the COVID-19 virus. However, it is unclear how severely curtailed physical interaction shapes individual behaviors that are considered vital for socioeconomic development. In this exploratory study, we investigate the behavior of college students who experienced a strict campus-wide lockdown and those who did not. Employing a combination of experimental and survey methodologies, we elicit students\u2019 behavioral variables, which are then integrated with administrative records from the university. We find that those exposed to the lockdown were more likely to trust others and be honest; however, their creativity was lower. Exposure to the lockdown was not found to significantly affect students\u2019 trustworthiness, risk preferences, or competitiveness. A follow-up study reveals that the lower creativity among students may be attributed to reduced communication frequency with friends during the lockdown, mediating the lockdown\u2019s impact. Conversely, the effects of the lockdown on trust and honesty may operate through a direct pathway, independent of changes in daily activities during the lockdown. Further analysis reveals a gender-dependent trend, with lockdowns exerting a more pronounced influence on male students than their female counterparts. These results underscore the consequences of lockdowns and advocate for enhanced support networks, emphasizing the importance of communicating with friends in similar circumstances.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2405934121","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,16]],"date-time":"2024-10-16T13:33:19Z","timestamp":1729085599000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Effects of lockdowns in shaping socioeconomic behaviors"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"121","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4337-6919","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leo","family":"Bao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Banking and Finance, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3145, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingcun","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Business and Economics, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lata","family":"Gangadharan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1159-3134","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Difang","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academy of Mathematics and Systems Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4205-8633","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chen","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Business and Economics, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-05522-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.19759"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-022-01511-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-022-01513-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2116818119"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1528-3542.6.3.528"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.589127"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1713532115"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jep.21.2.153"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/heapol\/czg041"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.148.1.23"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-021-01062-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1920484117"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BRM.40.3.879"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jel.47.2.448"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abm5922"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/app.20170048"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-023-01617-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.813130"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/jpah.8.s2.s151"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-20039-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scisignal.add9512"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-023-01410-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/000282805775014407"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10683-007-9192-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jebo.2009.02.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1232491"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qju009"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jebo.2016.04.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_2","first-page":"165","article-title":"Research on employee creativity: A critical review and directions for future research","volume":"22","author":"Zhou J.","year":"2003","unstructured":"J. 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