{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T15:11:25Z","timestamp":1781104285790,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"31","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,23]],"date-time":"2024-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721692800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"HHS | NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DP2AI158126"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DP2AI158126"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Government | Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"HHS | NIH | National Institute of General Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R35GM118166"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R35GM118166"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"HHS | NIH | National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5P30CA014051"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5P30CA014051"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    SARS-CoV-2 infection can induce multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children, which resembles superantigen-induced toxic shock syndrome. Recent work has suggested that the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein could act as a superantigen by binding T cell receptors (TCRs) and inducing broad antigen-independent T cell responses. Structure-based computational modeling identified potential TCR-binding sites near the S receptor-binding domain, in addition to a site with homology to known neurotoxins. We experimentally examined the mechanism underpinning this theory\u2014the direct interaction between the TCR and S protein. Surface plasmon resonance of recombinantly expressed S protein and TCR revealed no detectable binding. Orthogonally, we pseudotyped lentiviruses with SARS-CoV-2 S in both wild-type and prefusion-stabilized forms, demonstrated their functionality in a cell line assay, and observed no transduction, activation, or stimulation of proliferation of CD8\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cells. We conclude that it is unlikely that the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein engages nonspecifically with TCRs or has superantigenic character.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2406615121","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,23]],"date-time":"2024-07-23T13:48:47Z","timestamp":1721742527000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["SARS-CoV-2 spike does not interact with the T cell receptor or directly activate T cells"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"121","author":[{"given":"Stephanie A.","family":"Gaglione","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139"},{"name":"Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2813-1988","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tatiana J.","family":"Rosales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, IN 46556"},{"name":"Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, IN 46556"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Schmidt-Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139"},{"name":"Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0864-0964","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brian M.","family":"Baker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, IN 46556"},{"name":"Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, IN 46556"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2281-3518","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael E.","family":"Birnbaum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139"},{"name":"Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139"},{"name":"Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2003138117"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2010722117"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.941009"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.str.2021.04.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI146614"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_6_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Enhanced CD95 and interleukin 18 signalling accompany T cell receptor V\u03b221.3+ activation in multi-inflammatory syndrome in children","volume":"15","author":"Zhang Z.","year":"2024","unstructured":"Z. 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