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Moving beyond conventional ethnoracial variables, this study presents findings exploring the link between skin tone and fine particulate matter (PM\n                    <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) exposure in Colombia. By matching household geolocations from a large-scale longitudinal survey with satellite-based PM\n                    <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                    estimates, we find that skin tone predicts both initial pollution exposure levels and their changes over time. Although average exposure levels remained stable during our study period, the environmental justice (EJ) landscape in Colombia contemporaneously underwent a complete transformation. In 2010, lighter-skinned individuals faced higher PM\n                    <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                    exposure, but darker-skinned individuals experienced steeper increases in the following years. By 2016, the EJ gap had reversed, with people with the darkest skin tones exposed to PM\n                    <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                    levels nearly one SD higher than those faced by people with the lightest skin tones. These patterns remain robust when controlling for a comprehensive set of theoretically relevant covariates, including ethnoracial self-identification and income. Disproportionate exposure to pollution from fires partially explains the observed disparities. Decomposition analysis shows that this variable, local collective action, and economic marginalization account for a sizeable share of the EJ gap. However, one-third of the gap remains unexplained by observable characteristics. With climate change intensifying fire incidence, the disproportionate disease burdens that vulnerable groups face might deepen unless policy measures are taken to reverse this trend.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2407064122","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]],"date-time":"2025-03-04T10:51:56Z","timestamp":1741085516000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Environmental justice beyond race: Skin tone and exposure to air pollution"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"122","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3450-2485","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandra","family":"Aguilar-Gomez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Economics Department","place":["Bogot\u00e1, Colombia"]},{"name":"Universidad de los Andes","place":["Bogot\u00e1, Colombia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0005-7595","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Camilo","family":"Cardenas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Economics Department","place":["Bogot\u00e1, Colombia"]},{"name":"Universidad de los Andes","place":["Bogot\u00e1, Colombia"]},{"name":"Economics Department","place":["Amherst"]},{"name":"University of Massachusetts","place":["Amherst"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Salas Diaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Economics Department","place":["Amherst"]},{"name":"University of Massachusetts","place":["Amherst"]},{"name":"Economics Department","place":["Hanover"]},{"name":"Dartmouth College","place":["Hanover"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1803222115"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-resource-100913-012610"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jel.51.3.689"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.287.9.1132"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199312093292401"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","unstructured":"WHO Air Pollution and Child Health: Prescribing Clean Air (World Health Organization 2016)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-resource-111820-021816"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","unstructured":"M. de Ambiente \u201cEstrategia nacional de calidad del aire\u201d (Tech. 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