{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T02:24:43Z","timestamp":1792981483049,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"41","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]],"date-time":"2024-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727654400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000140","name":"U.S. Department of Transportation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["69A3551747111"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["69A3551747111"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000140","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100023581","name":"NSF | National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DGE2140739"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DGE2140739"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100023581","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>We assess racial disparities in the service quality of app-based ride-hailing services, like Uber and Lyft, by simulating their operations in the city of Chicago using empirical data. To generate driver cancellation rate disparities consistent with controlled experiments (up to twice as large for Black riders as for White riders), we estimate that more than 3% of drivers discriminate by race. We find that the capabilities of ride-hailing technology to rapidly rematch after a cancellation and prioritize long-waiting customers heavily mitigates the effects of driver discrimination on rider wait times, reducing average discrimination-induced disparities to less than 1 min\u2014an order of magnitude less than traditional taxis. However, our results suggest that even in the absence of direct driver discrimination, Black riders in Chicago wait about 50% longer, on average, than White riders because of historically informed geographic residential patterns. We estimate that if Black riders in the city had the same wait times as White riders, the collective travel time saved would be worth $4.2 million to $7.0 million per year.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2408936121","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]],"date-time":"2024-09-30T15:06:14Z","timestamp":1727708774000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Ride-hailing technology mitigates effects of driver racial discrimination, but effects of residential segregation persist"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"121","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8861-9251","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Cobb","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering and Public Policy, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aniruddh","family":"Mohan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Andlinger Center for Energy Environment, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Corey D.","family":"Harper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213"},{"name":"Heinz School of Information Systems and Public Policy, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1739-7027","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Destenie","family":"Nock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering and Public Policy, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213"},{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7678-8197","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeremy","family":"Michalek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering and Public Policy, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213"},{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213"},{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","unstructured":"The history of Uber (2023). https:\/\/www.uber.com\/newsroom\/history\/. 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