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Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021A017224"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021A017224"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000864","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014989","name":"Chan Zuckerberg Initiative","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NDCN"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NDCN"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014989","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are released by all cells and hold great promise as a class of biomarkers. This promise has led to increased interest in measuring EV proteins from both total EVs as well as brain-derived EVs in plasma. However, measuring cargo proteins in EVs has been challenging because EVs are present at low levels, and EV isolation methods are imperfect at separating EVs from free proteins. Thus, knowing whether a protein measured after EV isolation is truly inside EVs is difficult. In this study, we developed methods to measure whether a protein is inside EVs and quantify the ratio of a protein in EVs relative to total plasma. To achieve this, we combined a high-yield size-exclusion chromatography protocol with an optimized protease protection assay and Single Molecule Array (Simoa) digital enzyme-linked immunoassays (ELISAs) for ultrasensitive measurement of proteins inside EVs. We applied these methods to analyze \u03b1-synuclein and confirmed that a small fraction of the total plasma \u03b1-synuclein is inside EVs. Additionally, we developed a highly sensitive Simoa assay for phosphorylated \u03b1-synuclein (phosphorylated at the Ser129 residue). We found enrichment in the phosphorylated \u03b1-synuclein to total \u03b1-synuclein ratio inside EVs relative to outside EVs. Finally, we applied the methods we developed to measure total and phosphorylated \u03b1-synuclein inside EVs from Parkinson\u2019s disease and Lewy body dementia patient samples. This work provides a framework for determining the levels of proteins in EVs and represents an important step in the development of EV diagnostics for diseases of the brain, as well as other organs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2408949121","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,30]],"date-time":"2024-10-30T14:02:39Z","timestamp":1730296959000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Measurement of \u03b1-synuclein as protein cargo in plasma extracellular vesicles"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"121","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8172-7786","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tal","family":"Gilboa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University","place":["Boston"]},{"name":"Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital","place":["Boston"]},{"name":"Harvard Medical School","place":["Boston"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1134-0073","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dmitry","family":"Ter-Ovanesyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University","place":["Boston"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shih-Chin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University","place":["Boston"]},{"name":"Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital","place":["Boston"]},{"name":"Harvard Medical School","place":["Boston"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Whiteman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University","place":["Boston"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George T.","family":"Kannarkat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania","place":["Philadelphia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George M.","family":"Church","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University","place":["Boston"]},{"name":"Harvard Medical School","place":["Boston"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alice S.","family":"Chen-Plotkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania","place":["Philadelphia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5524-7348","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David R.","family":"Walt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University","place":["Boston"]},{"name":"Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital","place":["Boston"]},{"name":"Harvard Medical School","place":["Boston"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.01.043"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1704286"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering6010007"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2020.00038"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2017.00278"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2019.01.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-181487"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000112832"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-023-02557-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M600933200"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb748"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(21)00066-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2018.02.018"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_14_2","first-page":"1797","article-title":"Plasma p-tau231 and p-tau217 as state markers of amyloid-\u03b2 pathology in preclinical Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"28","author":"Mil\u00e0-Alom\u00e0 M.","year":"2022","unstructured":"M. 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