{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T16:28:29Z","timestamp":1788280109658,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,30]],"date-time":"2024-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735516800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000023","name":"Government of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NaN"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NaN"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000023","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008095","name":"Carleton University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NaN"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NaN"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008095","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Limiting climate change to targets enshrined in the Paris Agreement will require both deep decarbonization of the energy system and the deployment of carbon dioxide removal at potentially large scale (gigatons of annual removal). Nations are pursuing direct air capture to compensate for inertia in the expansion of low-carbon energy systems, decarbonize hard-to-abate sectors, and address legacy emissions. Global assessments of this technology have failed to integrate factors that affect net capture and removal cost, including ambient conditions like temperature and humidity, as well as emission factors of electricity and natural gas systems. We present an integrated assessment of the global deployment potential of this technology. Employing a chemical process model, climate data, grid emission factors, and fugitive methane emission factors, we predict critical performance metrics, including carbon dioxide capture rates, and water-, energy-, and emissions-intensity of capture. Our results support investors and policy makers as they site facilities and develop credible policy instruments to support expansion.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2410824121","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,30]],"date-time":"2024-12-30T15:00:46Z","timestamp":1735570846000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Integrating climate and physical constraints into assessments of net capture from direct air capture facilities"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"122","author":[{"given":"Patrick","family":"Shorey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering","place":["Ottawa, Canada"]},{"name":"Carleton University","place":["Ottawa, Canada"]},{"name":"CanmetENERGY-Ottawa","place":["Ottawa, Canada"]},{"name":"Natural Resources Canada","place":["Ottawa, Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4980-1717","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed","family":"Abdulla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering","place":["Ottawa, Canada"]},{"name":"Carleton University","place":["Ottawa, Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","unstructured":"International Energy Agency \u201cRenewables.\u201d https:\/\/www.iea.org\/energy-system\/renewables. Accessed 13 May 2024."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","unstructured":"P. Shukla . Eds. Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Cambridge University Press Cambridge UK and New York NY USA 2022)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","unstructured":"S. M. Smith The state of carbon dioxide removal - 1st Edition. OSF. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17605\/OSF.IO\/W3B4Z. Accessed 12 April 2024."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fclim.2024.1394728"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s43247-024-01773-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","unstructured":"Environment and Climate Change Canada Exploring Approaches for Canada\u2019s Transition to Net-Zero Emissions: Canada\u2019s Long-Term Strategy Submission to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. https:\/\/unfccc.int\/sites\/default\/files\/resource\/LTS%20Full%20Draft_Final%20version_oct31.pdf. Accessed 2 January 2024."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joule.2018.05.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fclim.2020.618644"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","unstructured":"United States Department of State and the United States Executive Office of the President \u201cThe long-term strategy of the United States: Pathways to net-zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050\u201d (S 1.2:G 83 Washington D.C. 2021). https:\/\/unfccc.int\/sites\/default\/files\/resource\/US-LongTermStrategy-2021.pdf. Accessed 16 April 2024."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","unstructured":"U.S. Energy Information Admninistration \u201cNatural gas prices.\u201d https:\/\/www.eia.gov\/dnav\/ng\/ng_pri_sum_a_EPG0_PIN_DMcf_a.html. Accessed 29 April 2024."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","unstructured":"Det Norske Veritas (DNV) \u201cEnergy transition outlook 2023\u201d (H\u00f8vik Norway 2023). https:\/\/www.connaissancedesenergies.org\/sites\/connaissancedesenergies.org\/files\/pdf-actualites\/DNV_ETO_Main_Report_2023_highres_comp.pdf. Accessed 12 April 2024."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2021.128856"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07117-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es070874m"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","unstructured":"United Arab Emirates Ministry of Climate Change and Environment \u201cThe United Arab Emirates\u2019 first long-term strategy (LTS)\u201d (Dubai United Arab Emirates 2023). https:\/\/unfccc.int\/documents\/636722. Accessed 15 April 2024."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","unstructured":"Statistics Centre Abu Dhabi \u201cWater statistics 2019\u201d (Statistics Centre Abu Dhabi Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates 2020). https:\/\/scad.gov.ae\/documents\/d\/guest\/water-20statistics_2019_annual_yearly_en-pdf-1. Accessed 15 April 2024."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2016.06.114"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2022.105564"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","unstructured":"P. Linstrom W. Mallard NIST Chemistry WebBook NIST Standard Reference Database Number 69 (National Institute of Standards and Technology 2024)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-23-3829-2023"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","unstructured":"H. Hersbach et al. \u201cERA5 hourly data on single levels from 1940 to present\u201d (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24381\/cds.adbb2d47. Accessed 24 July 2023."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","unstructured":"Carbon Footprint Ltd. \u201cInternational Electricity Factors\u201d (2023). https:\/\/www.carbonfootprint.com\/international_electricity_factors.html. Accessed 15 April 2024."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su8060506"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.3c07722"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s43247-023-01081-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) The Earth\u2019s Energy Budget Climate Feedbacks and Climate Sensitivity (Cambridge University Press 2023) pp. 923\u20131054.","DOI":"10.1017\/9781009157896.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_2","unstructured":"P. Shorey A. Abdulla Liquid-solvent DAC first release. GitHub. https:\/\/github.com\/APEX-Carleton\/Liquid-solvent-DAC\/releases\/tag\/v1.0.0. Deposited 4 September 2024."}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1073\/pnas.2410824121","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,30]],"date-time":"2024-12-30T15:00:54Z","timestamp":1735570854000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/10.1073\/pnas.2410824121"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,30]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1073\/pnas.2410824121"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2410824121","relation":{},"ISSN":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-8424","type":"print"},{"value":"1091-6490","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-05-31","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-11-13","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-12-30","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e2410824121"}}