{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T14:55:31Z","timestamp":1793890531480,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,28]],"date-time":"2025-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738022400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Swiss National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["200021_175792"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["200021_175792"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Airborne insects generate a leading edge vortex when they flap their wings. This coherent vortex is a low-pressure region that enhances the lift of flapping wings compared to fixed wings. Insect wings are thin membranes strengthened by a system of veins that does not allow large wing deformations. Bat wings are thin compliant skin membranes stretched between their limbs, hand, and body that show larger deformations during flapping wing flight. This study examines the role of the leading edge vortex on highly deformable membrane wings that passively change shape under fluid dynamic loading maintaining a positive camber throughout the hover cycle. Our experiments reveal that unsteady wing deformations suppress the formation of a coherent leading edge vortex as flexibility increases. At lift and energy optimal aeroelastic conditions, there is no more leading edge vortex. Instead, vorticity accumulates in a bound shear layer covering the wing\u2019s upper surface from the leading to the trailing edge. Despite the absence of a leading edge vortex, the optimal deformable membrane wings demonstrate enhanced lift and energy efficiency compared to their rigid counterparts. It is possible that small bats rely on this mechanism for efficient hovering. We relate the force production on the wings with their deformation through scaling analyses. Additionally, we identify the geometric angles at the leading and trailing edges as observable indicators of the flow state and use them to map out the transitions of the flow topology and their aerodynamic performance for a wide range of aeroelastic conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2410833121","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,28]],"date-time":"2025-01-28T13:40:23Z","timestamp":1738071623000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Highly deformable flapping membrane wings suppress the leading edge vortex in hover to perform better"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"122","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6848-6922","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"Gehrke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c9cole polytechnique f\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne","place":["Lausanne, Switzerland"]},{"name":"School of Engineering, Institute of Mechanical Engineering","place":["Lausanne, Switzerland"]},{"name":"Unsteady Flow Diagnostics Laboratory","place":["Lausanne, Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4691-8231","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karen","family":"Mulleners","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c9cole polytechnique f\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne","place":["Lausanne, Switzerland"]},{"name":"School of Engineering, Institute of Mechanical Engineering","place":["Lausanne, Switzerland"]},{"name":"Unsteady Flow Diagnostics Laboratory","place":["Lausanne, Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","unstructured":"A. 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