{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T05:15:44Z","timestamp":1784265344251,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"50","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765324800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000854","name":"Human Frontier Science Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RGP0001\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGP0001\/2021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000854","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Max Planck Society","award":["MPRG Alim"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MPRG Alim"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RISE"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RISE"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["INST 95\/1634-1 FUGG"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INST 95\/1634-1 FUGG"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Multi-nucleated cells exist in all domains of life, ranging from animals, plants, and fungi to single-celled organisms such as the slime mold\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Physarum polycephalum<\/jats:italic>\n                    . The large cell size, in the case of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Physarum<\/jats:italic>\n                    reaching centimeters and more, challenges the coordination of nuclei activity as signals need to cross large distances. In search of a mechanism for fast long-ranged communication among nuclei, we quantify nuclei dynamics and cytoplasmic flows in\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Physarum<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2019s tubular network. We observe nuclei in two interchangeable, dynamic states: mobile, flowing within the cytoplasmic shuttle flow, or trapped in the tube\u2019s porous cell cortex. As we find nuclei to accumulate at the tube\u2019s inner fluid\u2013porous interface we theoretically explore and confirm, with physiological parameters, that slowing down of mobile nuclei during flow is sufficient for diffusible signal exchange between mobile and trapped nuclei. We analytically derive that communication akin to pigeon post with mobile nuclei serving as pigeons shuttling between trapped nuclei acting as waypoints, gives rise to signaling velocities that account for the rapid intracellular reorganization observed in\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Physarum<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Since signal transfer by flow-transported nuclei outcompetes the mere diffusion of signals encoded in cytosolic proteins, pigeon post communication surpasses alternative signaling mechanisms, even diffusive relay signaling up to 20-fold in velocity. The key ingredients of pigeon post communication, namely alternating flows and waypoints, exist in other multi-nucleated cells and may also be generalized beyond intracellular signaling.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2411101122","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T18:44:02Z","timestamp":1765392242000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Coexistence of trapped and flow-transported nuclei enables fast pigeon post communication across multinucleated cell"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"122","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-2809-3832","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johnny","family":"Tong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioscience","place":["Garching, Germany"]},{"name":"Center for Protein Assemblies","place":["Garching, Germany"]},{"name":"School of Natural Sciences","place":["Garching, Germany"]},{"name":"Technical University of Munich","place":["Garching, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-5744-3466","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kaspar","family":"Wachinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioscience","place":["Garching, Germany"]},{"name":"Center for Protein Assemblies","place":["Garching, Germany"]},{"name":"School of Natural Sciences","place":["Garching, Germany"]},{"name":"Technical University of Munich","place":["Garching, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-1718-796X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabian K.","family":"Henn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioscience","place":["Garching, Germany"]},{"name":"Center for Protein Assemblies","place":["Garching, Germany"]},{"name":"School of Natural Sciences","place":["Garching, Germany"]},{"name":"Technical University of Munich","place":["Garching, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3887-3416","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nico","family":"Schramma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Van der Waals-Zeeman Institute","place":["Amsterdam, The Netherlands"]},{"name":"Institute of Physics","place":["Amsterdam, The Netherlands"]},{"name":"University of Amsterdam","place":["Amsterdam, The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siyu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioscience","place":["Garching, Germany"]},{"name":"Center for Protein Assemblies","place":["Garching, Germany"]},{"name":"School of Natural Sciences","place":["Garching, Germany"]},{"name":"Technical University of Munich","place":["Garching, Germany"]},{"name":"Biological Physics and Morphogenesis, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization","place":["G\u00f6ttingen, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2527-5831","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karen","family":"Alim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioscience","place":["Garching, Germany"]},{"name":"Center for Protein Assemblies","place":["Garching, Germany"]},{"name":"School of Natural Sciences","place":["Garching, Germany"]},{"name":"Technical University of Munich","place":["Garching, Germany"]},{"name":"Biological Physics and Morphogenesis, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization","place":["G\u00f6ttingen, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.86.8.2928"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7580.2011.01417.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aar5555"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2011.06.042"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9102255"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dgd.12634"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1004900"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182099006320"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","volume-title":"Developmental Biology of Physarum","author":"Sauer H.","year":"1982","unstructured":"H. Sauer, Developmental Biology of Physarum (CUP Archive, 1982), vol. 11."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.00195-08"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.69745"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2011-12-8-r71"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12915-017-0386-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12321"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2022.10.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a000562"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.e11-03-0262"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0085076"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-37936-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.61771"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.e14-08-1306"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1247\/csf.18.111"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01277050"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-12640-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm3414"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.92.2394.462"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.81.1.15"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1140\/epjst\/e2010-01348-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6463\/aa8699"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2019.0757"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2015.0099"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1805981115"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1305049110"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_2","first-page":"186","article-title":"Dispersion of soluble matter in solvent flowing slowly through a tube","volume":"219","author":"Taylor G. I.","year":"1953","unstructured":"G. I. Taylor, Dispersion of soluble matter in solvent flowing slowly through a tube. Proc. R. Soc. A: Math. Phys. Eng. Sci. 219, 186\u2013203 (1953).","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. A: Math. Phys. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspa.1956.0065"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.117.178103"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1367-2630\/ab7edf"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1119\/1.10903"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_39_2","volume-title":"Microlivestock: Little-Known Small Animals with a Promising Economic Future","author":"Council N. R.","year":"1991","unstructured":"N. R. Council, Microlivestock: Little-Known Small Animals with a Promising Economic Future (The National Academies Press, Washington, DC, 1991)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_40_2","volume-title":"Closing the Pigeon Gap","author":"Dash M.","year":"2012","unstructured":"M. Dash, Closing the Pigeon Gap (Smithsonian Institution, 2012)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6463\/aab147"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.84.016310"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.24425\/ame.2020.131685"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-0436.1981.tb01145.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/2016JB013793"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep04871"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/dbio.1999.9340"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gbe\/evv237"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aob.a090331"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_50_2","first-page":"261","volume-title":"Cell Biology of Physarum and Didymium in Time-Lapse Analysis of Mitosis in Vivo in Macroplasmodia of Physarum polycephalum","author":"Wolf R.","year":"1982","unstructured":"R. Wolf, H. W. Sauer, Cell Biology of Physarum and Didymium in Time-Lapse Analysis of Mitosis in Vivo in Macroplasmodia of Physarum polycephalum (Academic Press, New York, NY, 1982), pp. 261\u2013264."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0012-1606(61)90034-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.27947-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2591"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6463\/aa8a21"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_55_2","first-page":"47","article-title":"The pure culture of Physarum polycephalum on a partially defined soluble medium","volume":"25","author":"Daniel J.","year":"1961","unstructured":"J. Daniel, H. P. Rusch, The pure culture of Physarum polycephalum on a partially defined soluble medium. Microbiology 25, 47\u201359 (1961).","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.84.5.1104-1110.1962"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.1237"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-06269-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_59_2","unstructured":"J. D\u2019Errico distance2curve. MATLAB. (2024). https:\/\/se.mathworks.com\/matlabcentral\/fileexchange\/34869-distance2curve."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_60_2","unstructured":"J. Tong Fluorescent labelled nuclei in Physarum polycephalum with Abberior LIVE 560. MediaTUM. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14459\/2024mp1744059. Deposited 23 November 2023."}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1073\/pnas.2411101122","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T18:44:16Z","timestamp":1765392256000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/10.1073\/pnas.2411101122"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"50","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1073\/pnas.2411101122"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2411101122","relation":{},"ISSN":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-8424","type":"print"},{"value":"1091-6490","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-06-11","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-11-06","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-12-10","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e2411101122"}}