{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T04:01:35Z","timestamp":1788580895248,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"44","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,22]],"date-time":"2024-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729555200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002739","name":"Aarhus Universitets Forskningsfond","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AUFF-E-2016-9-22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AUFF-E-2016-9-22"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002739","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002808","name":"Carlsbergfondet","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CF18-1108"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CF18-1108"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002808","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Reducing hostility in social media interactions is a key public concern. Most extant research emphasizes how online contextual factors breed hostility. Here, we take a different perspective and focus on the offline roots of hostility, that is, offline experiences and stable individual-level dispositions. Using a unique dataset of Danish Twitter users (N\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" display=\"inline\" overflow=\"scroll\">\n                        <mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo>\n                      <\/mml:math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    4,931), we merge data from administrative government registries with a behavioral measure of online hostility. We demonstrate that individuals with more aggressive dispositions (as proxied by having many more criminal verdicts) are more hostile in social media conversations. We also find evidence that features of childhood environments predict online hostility. Time spent in foster care is a strong correlate, while other indicators of childhood instability (e.g., the number of moves and divorced parents) are not. Furthermore, people from more resourceful childhood environments\u2014those with better grades in primary school and higher parental socioeconomic status\u2014are more hostile on average, as such people are more politically engaged. These results offer an important reminder that much online hostility is rooted in offline experiences and stable dispositions. They also provide anuanced view of the core group of online aggressors. While these individuals display general antisocial personality tendencies by having many more criminal verdicts, they also come from resourceful backgrounds more often than not.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2412277121","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,22]],"date-time":"2024-10-22T11:27:27Z","timestamp":1729596447000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The offline roots of online hostility: Adult and childhood administrative records correlate with individual-level hostility on Twitter"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"121","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7067-847X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stig","family":"Hebbelstrup Rye Rasmussen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Political Science, Aarhus University, Aarhus 5000, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Bor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Democracy Institute, Central European University, Budapest 1051, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6782-5635","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael Bang","family":"Petersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Political Science, Aarhus University, Aarhus 5000, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","unstructured":"L. Grossman Person of the year 2010: Mark Zuckerberg. Time Magazine 15 December 2010. https:\/\/content.time.com\/time\/specials\/packages\/article\/0 28804 2036683_2037183_2037185 00.html. Accessed 13 October 2024."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0003055421000885"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20190658"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-023-01582-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/9781108890960"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444811413191"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2021.07.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. Cheng M. Bernstein C. Danescu-Niculescu-Mizil J. Leskovec \u201cAnyone can become a troll: Causes of trolling behavior in online discussions\u201d in Proceedings of the 2017 ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing (2017) pp. 1217\u20131230.","DOI":"10.1145\/2998181.2998213"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/pnasnexus\/pgad325"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C. Robertson K. del Rosario J. J. Van Bavel Inside the funhouse mirror factory: How social media distorts perceptions of norms. Curr. Opin. Psychol. 60 101918 (2024).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2024.101918"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2012.04.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00909880216585"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0735648X.2002.9721143"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-9125.1996.tb01196.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2014.01.016"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2016.10.063"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2021.110809"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2019.03.027"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18115722"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2019.0349"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2010.0393"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G. Matthew I. Deary M. Whiteman Personality Traits (Cambridge University Press Cambridge ed. 3 2009).","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511812743"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2017.03.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0027293"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0162-3095(85)90041-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007123423000042"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S. H. R. Rasmussen M. Osmundsen M. B. Petersen Political resources and online political hostility how and why hostility is more prevalent among the resourceful. PsyArXiv [Preprint] (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31234\/osf.io\/tp93r. (Accessed 10 October 2024).","DOI":"10.31234\/osf.io\/tp93r"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/pnasnexus\/pgad382"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_2","unstructured":"M. J. Andresen et al. \u201cDanskernes oplevelse af had p\u00e5 sociale medier\u201d (ROPH Working Paper 2022)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2082425"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_2","volume-title":"Breaking the Social Media Prism: How to Make Our Platforms Less Polarizing","author":"Bail C.","year":"2022","unstructured":"C. Bail, Breaking the Social Media Prism: How to Make Our Platforms Less Polarizing (Princeton University Press, 2022)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_2","unstructured":"T. Mikolov K. Chen G. Corrado J. Dean Efficient estimation of word representations in vector space. arXiv [Preprint] (2013). https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1301.3781. (Accessed 10 October 2024)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-1789(02)00116-7"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1073\/pnas.2412277121","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,22]],"date-time":"2024-10-22T11:28:17Z","timestamp":1729596497000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/10.1073\/pnas.2412277121"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,22]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"44","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,29]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1073\/pnas.2412277121"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2412277121","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.31234\/osf.io\/ej7yu","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-8424","type":"print"},{"value":"1091-6490","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-06-24","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-09-30","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-10-22","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e2412277121"}}