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Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Although many internalized G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) continue to signal, the mechanisms and outcomes of intracellular GPCR signaling are uncertain due to the challenges of measuring organelle-specific signals and of selectively antagonizing receptors in intracellular compartments. Herein, genetically encoded biosensors targeted to the plasma membrane and early endosomes were used to analyze compartmentalized signaling of protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ); the propensity of nanoparticles (NPs) to accumulate in endosomes was leveraged to preferentially antagonize intracellular PAR\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    signaling of pain. PAR\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    agonists evoked sustained activation of PAR\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    , G\u03b1q, and \u03b2-arrestin-1 in early endosomes and activated extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) in the cytosol and nucleus, measured with targeted biosensors. Fluorescent dendrimer and core-shell polymeric NPs accumulated in endosomes of HEK293T cells, colonic epithelial cells, and nociceptors, detected by confocal microscopy. NPs efficiently encapsulated and slowly released AZ3451, a negative allosteric PAR\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    modulator. NP-encapsulated AZ3451, but not unencapsulated AZ3451, rapidly and completely reversed PAR\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    , G\u03b1q, and \u03b2-arrestin-1 activation in early endosomes and ERK activation in the cytosol and nucleus. When administered into the mouse colon lumen, fluorescent dendrimer NPs accumulated in endosomes of colonocytes and polymeric NPs accumulated in neurons, sites of PAR\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    expression. Both NP formulations of AZ3451, but not unencapsulated AZ3451, caused long-lasting analgesia and normalized aberrant behavior in preclinical models of inflammatory bowel disease. These results provide evidence that PAR\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    endosomal signaling mediates pain and that nanomedicines that antagonize PAR\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    in endosomes effectively relieve pain. NP-mediated delivery may improve the efficacy of other GPCR antagonists for treatment of diverse diseases.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2412687122","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T15:54:42Z","timestamp":1759852482000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Nanomedicines targeting protease-activated receptor 2 in endosomes provide sustained analgesia"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"122","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1045-0879","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shavonne L.","family":"Teng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Pathobiology, College of Dentistry, New York University","place":["New York"]},{"name":"Pain Research Center, College of Dentistry, New York University","place":["New 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