{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T05:20:09Z","timestamp":1791696009341,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"51","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,9]],"date-time":"2024-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733702400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009139","name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Infektionsforschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TI 07.005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TI 07.005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009139","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009139","name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Infektionsforschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TTU 01.703-03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TTU 01.703-03"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009139","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Global Centres for Health and Pandemic Prevention from the German academic exchange services","award":["57592642"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["57592642"]}]},{"name":"Zoonoses Emergence across Degraded and Restored Forest Ecosystems","award":["101135094"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101135094"]}]},{"name":"European INCO-DEV program","award":["ICA4-CT2002-10050"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ICA4-CT2002-10050"]}]},{"name":"European Foundation Initiative for African Research into Neglected Tropical diseases","award":["1\/85\/022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1\/85\/022"]}]},{"name":"European Foundation Initiative for African Research into Neglected Tropical diseases","award":["89 540"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["89 540"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BO 3790\/1-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BO 3790\/1-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FI 1781\/1-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FI 1781\/1-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Hepatitis E virus (HEV; family\n                    <jats:italic>Hepeviridae<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) infections cause &gt;40,000 human deaths annually. Zoonotic infections predominantly originate from ungulates and occasionally from rats, highlighting the zoonotic potential of rodent-associated hepeviruses. We conducted host genomic data mining and uncovered two genetically divergent rodent-associated hepeviruses, and two bat-associated hepeviruses genetically related to known bat-associated strains. We thus analyzed 2,565 liver specimens from 108 rodent and shrew species sampled from globally understudied regions and hosts in Africa, Asia, and Latin America during 2011-2018 for hepeviruses by RT\u2013PCR. We detected 63 positive field samples (2.5%, 95% CI 1.9-3.1) from 14 animal species, including two coinfections with genetically divergent strains and significant variation (\n                    <jats:italic>X<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; 0.001) in detection rates between study sites. Strain-specific qRT\u2013PCR assays showed virus concentrations between 9.2 \u00d7 10\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    and 3.2 \u00d7 10\n                    <jats:sup>9<\/jats:sup>\n                    copies\/g. We recovered 24 near-complete hepeviral genomes from rodents, shrews, and bats, all showing three partially overlapping open reading frames (ORFs), some including putative late domains that may be associated with quasi-envelopment. Rodent-derived hepeviruses grouped into five clades clustering in basal sister relationship to human- (31 to 84% distance in translated ORF1-3) and rat-associated HEV. Parsimony-based analyses and cophylogenetic reconciliations revealed that rodents were predominant sources of hepeviral cross-order host shifts. Bayesian ancestral state reconstructions substantiated a direct origin of human-associated HEV in ungulates such as swine and camelids (posterior probability 0.8), whereas the nonrecent evolutionary origins of human- and ungulate-associated HEV were projected to rodent hosts (posterior probability &gt; 0.9). Our results elucidate the genealogy of human HEV and warrant increased surveillance and experimental risk assessments for rodent-associated hepeviruses.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2413665121","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,9]],"date-time":"2024-12-09T15:06:37Z","timestamp":1733756797000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Ancient evolutionary origins of hepatitis E virus in rodents"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"121","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1253-9540","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wendy K.","family":"Jo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology, Charit\u00e9-Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin and Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin","place":["Berlin, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Murilo Henrique","family":"Anzolini Cassiano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology, Charit\u00e9-Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin and Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin","place":["Berlin, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3771-1565","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edmilson Ferreira","family":"de Oliveira-Filho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology, Charit\u00e9-Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin and Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin","place":["Berlin, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebastian","family":"Br\u00fcnink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology, Charit\u00e9-Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin and Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin","place":["Berlin, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3867-1577","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adiya","family":"Yansanjav","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mammalian Ecology Laboratory, Institute of Biology, Mongolian Academy of Sciences","place":["Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7245-9177","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mesele","family":"Yihune","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoological Sciences, Addis Ababa University","place":["Addis Ababa, Ethiopia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alyona I.","family":"Koshkina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Association for the Conservation of Biodiversity of Kazakhstan","place":["Astana, Kazakhstan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander N.","family":"Lukashev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector Borne Diseases, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University","place":["Moscow, Russia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9961-8748","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leonid A.","family":"Lavrenchenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mammalian Microevolution, Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences","place":["Moscow, Russia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vladimir S.","family":"Lebedev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zoological Museum, Moscow State University","place":["Moscow, Russia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1079-1446","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ayodeji","family":"Olayemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural History Museum, Obafemi Awolowo University","place":["Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8789-3187","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Umaru","family":"Bangura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, College of Medical Sciences, Njala University","place":["Bo, Sierra Leone"]},{"name":"Implementation Research\/Zoonoses Control, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine","place":["Hamburg, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7046-0967","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00f3nica","family":"Salas-Rojas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n M\u00e9dica en Inmunolog\u00eda, Hospital de Pediatr\u00eda, Centro M\u00e9dico Nacional \u201cSiglo XXI\u201d, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social","place":["Mexico City, Mexico"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1339-2931","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c1lvaro","family":"Aguilar-Seti\u00e9n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n M\u00e9dica en Inmunolog\u00eda, Hospital de Pediatr\u00eda, Centro M\u00e9dico Nacional \u201cSiglo XXI\u201d, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social","place":["Mexico City, Mexico"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9421-3538","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisabeth","family":"Fichet-Calvet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Implementation Research\/Zoonoses Control, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine","place":["Hamburg, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3509-0232","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan Felix","family":"Drexler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology, Charit\u00e9-Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin and Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin","place":["Berlin, Germany"]},{"name":"German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Charit\u00e9-Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin","place":["Berlin, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2018.11.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)02234-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.001778"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1919176117"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1501598112"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2022.01.028"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01638-21"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-023-00889-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-019-6100-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-018-1746-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2024.105602"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2023.105670"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2019.197765"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1011664"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2024.03.038"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","unstructured":"M. Anzolini Cassiano Divergent hepeviruses. NCBI. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/bioproject\/PRJNA1137858. Deposited 19 July 2024."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","unstructured":"W. K. Jo GenBank accession no. PQ489631.1. NCBI. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/nuccore\/2845860111. Deposited 18 October 2024."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","unstructured":"N. Upham Mammal Diversity Database (version 1.10). Zenodo. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.7394529. Accessed 25 June 2024."}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1073\/pnas.2413665121","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,9]],"date-time":"2024-12-09T15:06:59Z","timestamp":1733756819000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/10.1073\/pnas.2413665121"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,9]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"51","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,17]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1073\/pnas.2413665121"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2413665121","relation":{},"ISSN":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-8424","type":"print"},{"value":"1091-6490","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-07-26","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-10-15","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-12-09","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e2413665121"}}