{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T22:29:31Z","timestamp":1787005771049,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"44","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,21]],"date-time":"2024-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729468800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002920","name":"Research Grants Council, University Grants Committee","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["17103315 17120920 17105221"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17103315 17120920 17105221"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002920","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong","award":["2024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001692","name":"Croucher Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023 2024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023 2024"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001692","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Body fossils set limits on feasible reconstructions of functional capacity and behavior in theropod dinosaurs, but do not document in-life behaviors. In contrast, trace fossils such as footprints preserve in-life behaviors that can potentially test and enhance existing reconstructions. Here, we demonstrate how theropod trackways can be used as indirect evidence of pre-avian aerial behavior, expanding the approaches available to study vertebrate flight origins. This involved exploring the behavioral implications of a two-toed Cretaceous-aged theropod trackway produced by a small, bird-like microraptorine moving at high speed. Applying first principle running biomechanics, we were able to conclude that the trackway is atypical, indirectly evidencing pre-avian aerial behavior. This trackway documents the evidence of wing-assisted aerodynamic force production during locomotion, supporting a broader distribution of this behavior than currently known. These findings support previously proposed aerial behavior in early bird-like theropods, showing how trackways will help to deepen our understanding of theropod flight origins.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2413810121","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,21]],"date-time":"2024-10-21T15:01:33Z","timestamp":1729522893000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Theropod trackways as indirect evidence of pre-avian aerial behavior"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"121","author":[{"given":"T. Alexander","family":"Dececchi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Natural Sciences, Dakota State University, Madison, SD 57042"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8023-3231","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kyung Soo","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Science Education, Chinju National University of Education, Jinju-si, Gyeongnam 52673, South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin G.","family":"Lockley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dinosaur Trackers Research Group, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO 80217-3364"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hans C.E.","family":"Larsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Redpath Museum, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0C4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Thomas R.","family":"Holtz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742"},{"name":"Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC 20560"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James O.","family":"Farlow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geosciences, Purdue University Fort Wayne, IN 46805"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6149-3078","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Pittman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2020.06.105"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","article-title":"High flyer or high fashion? A comparison of flight potential among small bodied paravians","volume":"420","author":"Dececchi T. A.","year":"2020","unstructured":"T. A. Dececchi, H. C. E. Larsson, M. Pittman, M. Habib, High flyer or high fashion? A comparison of flight potential among small bodied paravians Bull. Am. Museum Natural History 420 (2020).","journal-title":"Bull. Am. 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Pennycuick, Modeling the Flying Bird (Elsevier Academic Press, London, 2008)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1666\/13057"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12983-020-00363-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctv6mtfgn"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","unstructured":"K. S. Kim Photogrammetry of Dromaeosauriformipes_TW2 R2 (damaged track)_22024-02-23. Figshare. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6084\/m9.figshare.25304638. Deposited 2 October 2024."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","unstructured":"K. S. Kim MeshLab image of Dromaeosauriformipes_TW2 R2 (damaged track)_22024-02-23. Figshare. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6084\/m9.figshare.25304632. Deposited 2 October 2024."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","unstructured":"K. S. Kim Photos for Photogrammetry of Dromaeosauriformipes_TW2 R2 (damaged track)_22024-02-23. Figshare. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6084\/m9.figshare.25304650. 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