{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T15:24:50Z","timestamp":1781105090674,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"51","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,9]],"date-time":"2024-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733702400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014848","name":"Arnold Ventures","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22-06978"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22-06978"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014848","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>US courts regularly assess fines, fees, and costs against criminal defendants. Court-related debt can cause continuing court involvement and incarceration, not because of new crimes, but because of unpaid financial obligations. We conducted an experiment with 606 people found guilty of misdemeanors in Oklahoma County, Oklahoma. Study participants were randomly selected to receive relief from all current and prior fines and fees assessed for criminal charges in the county. Fee relief reduced jail bookings 21 mo after randomization and the effect persisted over 44 mo of follow-up. Although fee relief reduced incarceration, financial sanctions had no effect on indicators of lawbreaking. Instead, the control group (who obtained no relief from fines and fees) were rearrested at significantly higher rates because of open arrest warrants for nonpayment. These results indicate the long-term and criminalizing effects of legal debt, supporting claims that financial sanctions disproportionately harm low-income defendants while contributing little to public safety.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2415066121","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,9]],"date-time":"2024-12-09T15:06:37Z","timestamp":1733756797000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The long-term impact of debt relief for indigent defendants in a misdemeanor court"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"121","author":[{"given":"Lindsay","family":"Bing","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sociology","place":["Edmonton, Canada"]},{"name":"University of Alberta","place":["Edmonton, Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Goldstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Law","place":["Berkeley"]},{"name":"University of California","place":["Berkeley"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helen","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese for Affirmative Action","place":["San Francisco"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Devah","family":"Pager","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sociology","place":["Cambridge"]},{"name":"Harvard University","place":["Cambridge"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8615-6767","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruce","family":"Western","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sociology","place":["New York"]},{"name":"Columbia University","place":["New York"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","volume-title":"A Pound, of Flesh Monetary Sanctions as Punishment for the Poor","author":"Harris A.","year":"2016","unstructured":"A. Harris, A Pound, of Flesh Monetary Sanctions as Punishment for the Poor (Russell Sage Foundation, 2016)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","first-page":"213","article-title":"Law, money, people: Insights from a brief history of court funding concerns reflection essays","volume":"4","author":"Martin K. D.","year":"2020","unstructured":"K. D. Martin, Law, money, people: Insights from a brief history of court funding concerns reflection essays. UCLA Crim. Just. Law Rev. 4, 213\u2013226 (2020).","journal-title":"UCLA Crim. Just. Law Rev."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-criminol-032317-091915"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","unstructured":"C. Mai M. Rafael The high price of using justice fines and fees to fund government in New York Vera Institute of Justice (Research Report 2020). https:\/\/www.vera.org\/downloads\/publications\/the-high-price-of-using-justice-fines-and-fees-new-york.pdf. Accessed 6 September 2024."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","unstructured":"C. Mai M. Rafael The high price of using justice fines and fees to fund government in Florida (Research Report Vera Institute of Justice 2020). https:\/\/vera-institute.files.svdcdn.com\/production\/downloads\/publications\/the-high-price-of-using-justice-fines-and-fees-florida.pdf. Accessed 6 September 2024."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/259394"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","volume-title":"The Growth of Incarceration in the United States: Exploring Causes and Consequences","author":"Travis J.","year":"2014","unstructured":"J. Travis, B. Western, S. Redburn, Eds., The Growth of Incarceration in the United States: Exploring Causes and Consequences (National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 2014)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","first-page":"971","article-title":"Misdemeanors by the numbers","volume":"61","author":"Mayson S. G.","year":"2020","unstructured":"S. G. Mayson, M. T. Stevenson, Misdemeanors by the numbers. BCL Rev. 61, 971\u20131044 (2020).","journal-title":"BCL Rev."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.7758\/RSF.2022.8.1.07","article-title":"Robbing Peter to pay Paul: The financial double-dealings of public assistance and monetary sanctions","volume":"8","author":"Sykes B.","year":"2022","unstructured":"B. Sykes , Robbing Peter to pay Paul: The financial double-dealings of public assistance and monetary sanctions. RSF: Russell Sage Found. J. Soc. Sci. 8, 148\u2013178 (2022).","journal-title":"RSF: Russell Sage Found. J. Soc. Sci."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.7758\/RSF.2022.8.2.06","article-title":"Incomparable punishments: How economic inequality contributes to the disparate impact of legal fines and fees","volume":"8","author":"Bing L.","year":"2022","unstructured":"L. Bing, B. Pettit, I. Slavinski, Incomparable punishments: How economic inequality contributes to the disparate impact of legal fines and fees. RSF: Russell Sage Found. J. Soc. Sci. 8, 118\u2013136 (2022).","journal-title":"RSF: Russell Sage Found. J. Soc. Sci."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/712871"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00031224221075783"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S. Mello Fines and financial wellbeing. (Working Paper Dartmouth College 2023). https:\/\/mello.github.io\/files\/fines.pdf. Accessed 1 September 2024.","DOI":"10.1093\/restud\/rdae111"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"T. Giles The government revenue recidivism and financial health effects of criminal fines and fees (SSRN Scholarly Paper 2023). https:\/\/papers.ssrn.com\/abstract=4568724. 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Mueller-Smith The impact of criminal financial sanctions: A multi-state analysis of survey and administrative data (NBER Working Paper No. 31581 2023).","DOI":"10.3386\/w31581"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jeea\/jvab037"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.7758\/RSF.2022.8.2.02","article-title":"Monetary sanctions as chronic and acute health stressors: The emotional strain of people who owe court fines and fees","volume":"8","author":"Harris A.","year":"2022","unstructured":"A. Harris, T. Smith, Monetary sanctions as chronic and acute health stressors: The emotional strain of people who owe court fines and fees. RSF: Russell Sage Found. J. Soc. Sci. 8, 36\u201356 (2022).","journal-title":"RSF: Russell Sage Found. J. Soc. 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Darley, The role of deterrence in the formulation of criminal law rules: At its worst when doing its best. Georgetown Law J. 91, 949\u20131002 (2003).","journal-title":"Georgetown Law J."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ojls\/24.2.173"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1238041"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_2","first-page":"199","article-title":"Monetary sanctions, legal and collateral consequences, and probation and parole: Where do we go from here?","volume":"4","author":"Link N.","year":"2020","unstructured":"N. Link, J. Hyatt, E. Ruhland, Monetary sanctions, legal and collateral consequences, and probation and parole: Where do we go from here? UCLA Crim. Just. Law Rev. 4, 199\u2013212 (2020).","journal-title":"UCLA Crim. Just. Law Rev."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_2","first-page":"964","article-title":"Criminal municipal courts","volume":"134","author":"Natapoff A.","year":"2020","unstructured":"A. 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