{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T06:18:59Z","timestamp":1781677139497,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,30]],"date-time":"2024-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735516800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"MOST | National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021YFD1400100 2021YFD1400101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFD1400100 2021YFD1400101"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"MOST | National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32102271"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32102271"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022T150579"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022T150579"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The harlequin ladybird,\n                    <jats:italic>Harmonia axyridis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , is a predatory beetle used globally to control pests such as aphids and scale insects. Originating from East Asia, this species has become highly invasive since its introduction in the late 19th century to Europe and North America, posing a threat to local biodiversity. Intraguild predation is hypothesized to drive the success of this invasive species, but the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. In this study, a feeding assay revealed that while harlequin ladybirds survive feeding on seven-spotted ladybird eggs, the reverse is not true. However, seven-spotted ladybirds that had fed on harlequin ladybird eggs were able to survive the feeding assay when treated with penicillin. Microbiome sequencing and whole genome analysis of harlequin ladybird eggs revealed a newly discovered pathogenic bacterium strain named\n                    <jats:italic>Serratia harmoniae.<\/jats:italic>\n                    The median lethal concentration (LC50) of\n                    <jats:italic>S. harmoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    was found to be 2.1 \u00d7 10\n                    <jats:sup>5<\/jats:sup>\n                    times higher in the harlequin ladybird compared to the seven-spotted ladybird. The high tolerance observed in harlequin ladybirds was attributed to harmonine, specifically produced in the fat body of this species. Silencing three key genes in the harmonine biosynthesis pathway\u2014\n                    <jats:italic>Spidey<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Sca2<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>Desat\u2014<\/jats:italic>\n                    reduced the production of the compound, leading to increased\n                    <jats:italic>S. harmoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    levels and higher mortality. Treating RNAi-altered individuals with penicillin reversed this effect, successfully reducing\n                    <jats:italic>S. harmoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    presence and increasing insect survival. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that\n                    <jats:italic>S. harmoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    , a newly identified pathogenic bacterium carried by harlequin ladybirds, interacts with harmonine to confer an interspecies competitive advantage over native ladybird species in nonnative regions.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2417873121","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,30]],"date-time":"2024-12-30T15:01:44Z","timestamp":1735570904000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The interaction of\n                    <i>Serratia<\/i>\n                    bacteria and harmonine in harlequin ladybird confers an interspecies competitive edge"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"122","author":[{"given":"Chaowei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Biology and Ecological Regulation of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University","place":["Hangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2712-2270","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hang","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Biology and Ecological Regulation of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University","place":["Hangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kang","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Biology and Ecological Regulation of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University","place":["Hangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiqi","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Biology and Ecological Regulation of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University","place":["Hangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengyao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Biology and Ecological Regulation of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University","place":["Hangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-9107-4361","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhangqi","family":"Zuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Biology and Ecological Regulation of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University","place":["Hangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8810-2666","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Runguo","family":"Shu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Biology and Ecological Regulation of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University","place":["Hangzhou, China"]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University","place":["Guiyang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuhang","family":"Geng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Biology and Ecological Regulation of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University","place":["Hangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuo","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Biology and Ecological Regulation of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University","place":["Hangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Mei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Biology and Ecological Regulation of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University","place":["Hangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bingbing","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Biology and Ecological Regulation of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University","place":["Hangzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8410-5250","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Biology and Ecological Regulation of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University","place":["Hangzhou, China"]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University","place":["Guiyang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10530-016-1077-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jis\/3.1.32"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10526-016-9749-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10526-007-9127-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2011.01.068"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/eea.12963"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.24072\/pcjournal.32"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10526-017-9805-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1134\/S0013873820060019"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-009-1551-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1461-9555.2004.00197.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/syen.12138"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007240"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2011.0760"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2004.07.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1234032"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004714"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.4840"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8312.1987.tb01984.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jf060602n"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1002357"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2435.14138"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3733\/hilg.v28n14p351"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msu300"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ejoc.201101563"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/icad.12266"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/icad.12158"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ee\/nvy173"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022660005948"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ee\/27.6.1574"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1603\/0046-225X-31.5.827"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ddi.12455"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10530-010-9935-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0040681"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/1806-9665-rbent-2019-69"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0418.2011.01626.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/femsec\/fiac012"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.185.19.5882-5890.2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mmi.13471"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/femsle\/fnz123"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.62.2.309-333.1998"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-3012-0_3"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.180.12.3187-3196.1998"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ecolsys-110316-022628"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-5347(98)01475-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1461-0248.2003.00417.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cois.2018.02.017"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_48_2","first-page":"199","article-title":"Intra- and inter-specific predation of lady beetles in spring alfalfa fields","volume":"57","author":"Takahashi K.","year":"1989","unstructured":"K. Takahashi, Intra- and inter-specific predation of lady beetles in spring alfalfa fields. Jpn. J. Entomol. 57, 199\u2013203 (1989).","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Entomol."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocontrol.2005.04.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0023576"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1241745"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1241827"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1241600"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ento-011118-112007"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ento-112408-085356"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00532-12"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-60855-6_3"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bscb.19850940809"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aesa\/saaa047"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02769893"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4039\/tce.2012.70"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_62_2","first-page":"258","article-title":"Occurrence dynamics of Longiunguis sacchari and several natural enemies in sorghum field","volume":"15","author":"Tian-y S.","year":"2014","unstructured":"S. Tian-y, Occurrence dynamics of Longiunguis sacchari and several natural enemies in sorghum field. J. Beihua Univ. 15, 258\u2013260 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Beihua Univ."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10526-011-9379-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/een.12203"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S1519-566X2006000400001"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14806\/ej.17.1.200"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btr381"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.3869"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-019-0209-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.2584"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.4229"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkt1209"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkv1189"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkt1244"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-12-323"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-014-0550-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-019-0201-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gbe\/evt184"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-micro-091014-104136"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.092759.109"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btm009"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/25.5.955"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkm160"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/ijsem.0.001755"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkx343"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-020-00993-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_87_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkab335"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_88_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-020-03631-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_89_2","unstructured":"C. Zhang Data from \u201cThe Interaction of Serratia Bacteria and Harmonine in Harlequin Ladybird Confers an Interspecies Competitive Edge.\u201d National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). https:\/\/ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/bioproject\/PRJNA1011000. Deposited 24 October 2024."}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1073\/pnas.2417873121","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,30]],"date-time":"2024-12-30T15:02:13Z","timestamp":1735570933000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/10.1073\/pnas.2417873121"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,30]]},"references-count":89,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,14]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1073\/pnas.2417873121"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2417873121","relation":{},"ISSN":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-8424","type":"print"},{"value":"1091-6490","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-09-13","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-11-08","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-12-30","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e2417873121"}}