{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T09:02:37Z","timestamp":1791622957887,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,7]],"date-time":"2025-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743984000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"NSF","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ECCS-2025462"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ECCS-2025462"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003661","name":"Korea Institute for Advancement of Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P0017303"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P0017303"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Modern brain\u2013computer interfaces (BCI), utilizing electroencephalograms for bidirectional human\u2013machine communication, face significant limitations from movement-vulnerable rigid sensors, inconsistent skin\u2013electrode impedance, and bulky electronics, diminishing the system\u2019s continuous use and portability. Here, we introduce motion artifact\u2013controlled micro\u2013brain sensors between hair strands, enabling ultralow impedance density on skin contact for long-term usable, persistent BCI with augmented reality (AR). An array of low-profile microstructured electrodes with a highly conductive polymer is seamlessly inserted into the space between hair follicles, offering high-fidelity neural signal capture for up to 12 h while maintaining the lowest contact impedance density (0.03 k\u03a9\u00b7cm\n                    <jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) among reported articles. Implemented wireless BCI, detecting steady-state visually evoked potentials, offers 96.4% accuracy in signal classification with a train-free algorithm even during the subject\u2019s excessive motions, including standing, walking, and running. A demonstration captures this system\u2019s capability, showing AR-based video calling with hands-free controls using brain signals, transforming digital communication. Collectively, this research highlights the pivotal role of integrated sensors and flexible electronics technology in advancing BCI\u2019s applications for interactive digital environments.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2419304122","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,7]],"date-time":"2025-04-07T15:01:45Z","timestamp":1744038105000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Motion artifact\u2013controlled micro\u2013brain sensors between hair follicles for persistent augmented reality brain\u2013computer interfaces"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"122","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0439-6236","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hodam","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Wearable Intelligent Systems and Healthcare Center, Institute for Matter and Systems, Georgia Institute of Technology","place":["Atlanta"]},{"name":"George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology","place":["Atlanta"]},{"name":"Division of Biomedical Engineering, Yonsei University","place":["Wonju, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7703-0468","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ju Hyeon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wearable Intelligent Systems and Healthcare Center, Institute for Matter and Systems, Georgia Institute of Technology","place":["Atlanta"]},{"name":"George W. 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