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Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Zinc-finger antiviral protein (ZAP) is thought to drive the suppression of CpG dinucleotides in many viruses to mimic the composition of their host genomes. However, in vivo evidence is sparse. Here, we investigated the reasons for unusually high CpG levels in SIVmus and SIVmon from mustached and mona monkeys, descendants of one of the precursors of HIV-1. We show that SIVmus is not resistant to ZAP inhibition. Instead, these\n                    <jats:italic>Cercopithecus<\/jats:italic>\n                    monkey hosts differ from other primate species by a splice site mutation and express the poorly active extralarge XL rather than the highly active L isoform of ZAP. Similarly, higher CpG levels in endogenous prosimian lentiviruses were associated with low activity of the corresponding host lemur ZAPs. In addition, lemur genes also show lower CpG suppression than other primates. Thus, the antiviral activity of ZAP not only affects suppression of CpG dinucleotides in viral transcripts but possibly also host genomes.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2419489122","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,4]],"date-time":"2025-04-04T00:15:08Z","timestamp":1743725708000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Host ZAP activity correlates with the levels of CpG suppression in primate lentiviruses"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"122","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-1436-1232","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rayhane","family":"Nchioua","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center","place":["Ulm, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7302-6015","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dorota","family":"Kmiec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center","place":["Ulm, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9192-5866","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Veronika","family":"Krchlikova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research group \"Mechanisms of innate Antiviral immunity\", Institute for Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral Diseases, University Hospital T\u00fcbingen","place":["T\u00fcbingen, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Mattes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center","place":["Ulm, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0059-5289","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sabrina","family":"Noettger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center","place":["Ulm, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frederic","family":"Bibollet-Ruche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania","place":["Philadelphia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1484-4207","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ronnie M.","family":"Russell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania","place":["Philadelphia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8682-1779","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Konstantin M. J.","family":"Sparrer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center","place":["Ulm, Germany"]},{"name":"Neurovirology & Neuroinflammation, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)","place":["Ulm, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7487-6051","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Charpentier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zoo La Palmyre","place":["Les Mathes, France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric","family":"Tardy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zoo Sanary-sur-Mer","place":["Sanary-sur-Mer, France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2116-5061","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steven E.","family":"Bosinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory National Primate Research Center","place":["Atlanta"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7665-0040","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Sauter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research group \"Mechanisms of innate Antiviral immunity\", Institute for Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral Diseases, University Hospital T\u00fcbingen","place":["T\u00fcbingen, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9400-9887","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beatrice H.","family":"Hahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania","place":["Philadelphia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7052-2360","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frank","family":"Kirchhoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center","place":["Ulm, 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Nchioua F. Kirchhoff Data from \u201cHost ZAP activity correlates with the levels of CpG suppression in primate lentiviruses.\u201d Figshare. Available at https:\/\/figshare.com\/articles\/dataset\/Raw_Data_for_Host_ZAP_Activity_Correlates_with_the_Levels_of_CpG_Suppression_in_Primate_Lentiviruses\/28603472. Deposited 16 March 2025.","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2419489122"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1073\/pnas.2419489122","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,15]],"date-time":"2025-04-15T11:01:43Z","timestamp":1744714903000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/10.1073\/pnas.2419489122"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,3]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,15]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1073\/pnas.2419489122"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2419489122","relation":{},"ISSN":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-8424","type":"print"},{"value":"1091-6490","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-09-23","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-02-24","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-04-03","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e2419489122"}}