{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T20:18:21Z","timestamp":1792700301757,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,3]],"date-time":"2025-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740960000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The relationships between air pollution, genetic susceptibility, and COVID-19-related outcomes, as well as the potential interplays between air pollution and genetic susceptibility, remain largely unexplored. The Cox proportional hazards model was used to assess associations between long-term exposure to air pollutants and the risk of COVID-19 outcomes (infection, hospitalization, and death) in a COVID-19-naive cohort (n = 458,396). Additionally, associations between air pollutants and the risk of COVID-19 severity (hospitalization and death) were evaluated in a COVID-19 infection cohort (n = 110,216). Furthermore, this study investigated the role of host genetic susceptibility in the relationships between exposure to air pollutants and the development of COVID-19-related outcomes. Long-term exposure to air pollutants was significantly associated with an increased risk of COVID-19-related outcomes in the COVID-19 naive cohort. Similarly, in COVID-19 infection cohort, hazard ratios (HRs) for COVID-19 hospital admission were 1.23 (1.19, 1.27) for PM\n                    <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                    and 1.22 (1.17, 1.26) for PM\n                    <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                    , whereas HRs for COVID-19 death were 1.28 (1.18, 1.39) for PM\n                    <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                    and 1.25 (1.16, 1.36) for PM\n                    <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                    . Notably, significant interactions were found between PM\n                    <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                    \/PM\n                    <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                    and genetic susceptibility in COVID-19 death. In COVID-19 infection cohort, participants with both high genetic risk and high air pollutants exposure had 1.86- to 1.97-fold and 1.91- to 2.14-fold higher risk of COVID-19 hospitalization and death compared to those with both low genetic risk and low air pollutants exposure. Exposure to air pollution is significantly associated with an increased burden of severe COVID-19, and air pollution\u2013gene interactions may play a crucial role in the development of COVID-19-related outcomes.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2421513122","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,3]],"date-time":"2025-03-03T15:06:51Z","timestamp":1741014411000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Independent and combined effects of long-term air pollution exposure and genetic predisposition on COVID-19 severity: A population-based cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"122","author":[{"given":"Yudiyang","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology","place":["Wuhan, China"]},{"name":"Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology","place":["Wuhan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology","place":["Wuhan, China"]},{"name":"Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology","place":["Wuhan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feipeng","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology","place":["Wuhan, China"]},{"name":"Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology","place":["Wuhan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linxi","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology","place":["Wuhan, China"]},{"name":"Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology","place":["Wuhan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Khalid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford","place":["Oxford, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaohua","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology","place":["Wuhan, China"]},{"name":"Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology","place":["Wuhan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0040-0042","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junqin","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Statistics in Medicine and National Institute for Health and Care Research Biomedical Research Centre Oxford, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford","place":["Oxford, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30752-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","unstructured":"WHO Ambient (outdoor) air pollution (World Health Organization 2022). https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/ambient-(outdoor)-air-quality-and-health. 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