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For example, the probability of gene reuse during repeated bouts of adaptation often declines with time since divergence, but the causes of this pattern remain unclear. Here, we explore two core hypotheses for time-dependent variation in the repeatability of gene reuse during adaptation. Specifically, gene reuse depends on the extent to which lineages have 1) similar genomes such that they have similar genetic architectures, mutations, and mutational effects (i.e., a fairly well-appreciated \u201cshared genetics\u201d hypothesis), and 2) similar ecologies such that they have similar environments and patterns of natural selection (i.e., a mostly unexplored \u201cshared ecology\u201d hypothesis). The latter hypothesis emphasizes ecology\u2019s role in gene reuse and has received little explicit attention. In particular, testing the shared ecology hypothesis requires moving beyond a simple dichotomous characterization of ecology to embracing ecological divergence as a multivariate and continuous phenomenon. Although such tests are only beginning to emerge, they already illustrate how integration of ecological factors can help explain variation in gene reuse. Here, we advocate a framework that integrates the influence of both genetic and ecological factors in the repeatability of evolution and can be applied to a range of organisms to better understand the role of determinism and chance in biological diversification.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2422481123","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T17:34:21Z","timestamp":1792776861000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Integrating ecology with genetics to explain gene reuse during repeated evolution"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"123","author":[{"given":"Patrik","family":"Nosil","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Theoretical and Experimental Ecology Station, National Centre for Scientific Research CNRS","place":["Moulis, France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2248-2488","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zachariah","family":"Gompert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00h6set76","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Biology, Utah State University","place":["Logan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6676-7592","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose M.","family":"Montoya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Theoretical and Experimental Ecology Station, National Centre for Scientific Research CNRS","place":["Moulis, France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8797-980X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeffrey L.","family":"Feder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00mkhxb43","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame","place":["Notre Dame"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4478-915X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Todd H.","family":"Oakley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02t274463","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California","place":["Santa Barbara"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7731-8944","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catherine L.","family":"Peichel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02k7v4d05","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Division of Evolutionary Ecology, Institute for Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern","place":["Bern, Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg3483"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg.2016.11"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aam5979"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-017-0158"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.17132"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","volume-title":"Wonderful Life: The Burgess Shale and the Nature of History","author":"Gould S. 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