{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T01:17:27Z","timestamp":1789435047932,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,10]],"date-time":"2025-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739145600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Samaras are known for their elegant and robust autorotation, a resilience that persists in the adverse conditions imposed by high-speed raindrops. Like flying insects, samaras descending from tall trees are likely to be struck by raindrops in an intense storm. In this study, we detail the collision dynamics for impact regions across the samara body and the drop-shedding mechanisms that samaras exhibit to return to autorotation. Impacts across the samara body can pitch the samara up to 60 degrees and, in some cases, induce spanwise roll. Raindrops may shatter or remain intact upon impact, pushing the undamaged samara downward before autorotation is recovered. Drops that strike near the wingtip elicit the greatest recovery distance, while impacts onto the nutlet mass are the least disruptive to the samara and most likely to cause the drop to induce fragmentation. Faster drops allow for quicker drop shedding and a subsequent rapid return to autorotation in less than 50 ms. Our results indicate that samaras are robust to raindrop impacts and consistently recover autorotation, resulting in a minor reduction in dispersal distance. To recover, the entire drop is shed from the spinning samara over a time closely tied to the shedding mode and ensuing drop rejection forces.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2422641122","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,10]],"date-time":"2025-02-10T15:04:36Z","timestamp":1739199876000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Maple samaras recover autorotation following raindrop collisions"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"122","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8144-3978","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Breanna M.","family":"Schaeffer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical, Aerospace, and Biomedical Engineering","place":["Knoxville"]},{"name":"University of Tennessee","place":["Knoxville"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tadd T.","family":"Truscott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering","place":["Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia"]},{"name":"Physical Sciences and Engineering","place":["Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia"]},{"name":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology","place":["Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1220-1048","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew K.","family":"Dickerson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical, Aerospace, and Biomedical Engineering","place":["Knoxville"]},{"name":"University of Tennessee","place":["Knoxville"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.es.13.110182.001221"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0802697105"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1703.2001.00456.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature00844"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2435.12028"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3545096"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3545911"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/03-0522"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2745.2008.01368.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","first-page":"173","article-title":"Aerodynamic analysis under influence of heavy rain","volume":"41","author":"Wan T.","year":"2004","unstructured":"T. Wan, S. Wu, Aerodynamic analysis under influence of heavy rain. J. Aeronaut Astronaut. Aviat. 41, 173\u2013180 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Aeronaut Astronaut. Aviat."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","unstructured":"G. M. Bezos R. E. Dunham Jr. G. L. Gentry Jr. W. E. Melson Jr. Wind tunnel aerodynamic characteristics of a transport-type airfoil in a simulated heavy rain environment (NASA-TP-3184 1992). https:\/\/ntrs.nasa.gov\/api\/citations\/19920022288\/downloads\/19920022288.pdf. Accessed 26 July 2024."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2011.0313"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2016.0870"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1205446109"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4865819"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.116.028103"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/JTECH-D-12-00163.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.59.1.169"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-3190\/ab68a8"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adj8092"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2012.0880"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2315667121"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-024-05913-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00348-014-1718-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0951-7715\/25\/1\/C1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1972)029<0728:ATAESO>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1949)006<0243:TTVOFF>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/icu042"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/jfm.2023.101"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/jfm.2021.313"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-51490-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.122.228001"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/jfm.2020.926"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-fluid-122414-034401"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms10034"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4908261"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfluidstructs.2015.03.016"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(2003)060<0354:RSDIDC>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0125421"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5849\/njaf.11-022"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_41_2","first-page":"434","article-title":"Flight characteristics and dispersal potential of maple samaras","volume":"30","author":"Guries R. P.","year":"1984","unstructured":"R. P. Guries, E. V. Nordheim, Flight characteristics and dispersal potential of maple samaras. For. Sci. 30, 434\u2013440 (1984).","journal-title":"For. Sci."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. L. Howard \u201cUS Timber Production Trade Consumption and Price Statistics 1965\u20132005\u201d (No. 637 US Department of Agriculture Forest Service Forest Products Laboratory 2007).","DOI":"10.2737\/FPL-RP-637"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-03402-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/FP19087"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/0012-9615(2003)073[0173:MLDOPD]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.02170"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/icr090"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.226266"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-3182\/3\/3\/034001"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_50_2","unstructured":"B. M. Shaeffer et al. Maple samaras recover autorotation following raindrop collisions. Zenodo. 10.5281\/zenodo.14517144. Deposited 18 December."}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1073\/pnas.2422641122","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,10]],"date-time":"2025-02-10T15:05:06Z","timestamp":1739199906000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/10.1073\/pnas.2422641122"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,10]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,18]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1073\/pnas.2422641122"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2422641122","relation":{},"ISSN":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-8424","type":"print"},{"value":"1091-6490","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-11-03","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-01-07","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-02-10","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e2422641122"}}