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U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Climate change is impacting forests in complex ways, with indirect effects arising from interactions between tree growth and reproduction often overlooked. Our 43-y study of European beech (\n                    <jats:italic>Fagus sylvatica<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) showed that rising summer temperatures since 2005 have led to more frequent seed production events. This shift increases reproductive effort but depletes the trees\u2019 stored resources due to insufficient recovery periods between seed crops. Consequently, annual tree ring increments have declined by 28%, dropping from a stable average of 1.60 mm y\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    between 1980 and 2005 to 1.16 mm y\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    thereafter. Importantly, this growth decline occurred without an accompanying trend in summer drought, indicating that altered reproductive patterns\u2014not moisture stress\u2014are driving the reduction. This creates a \u201cperfect storm\u201d: Increased reproductive effort drains resources, viable seed output falls due to the loss of mast-seeding benefits via pollination and lower seed predation, and the ongoing growth decline reduces current carbon uptake and future reproductive potential. These compounding factors threaten the sustainability of Europe\u2019s most widespread forest tree. Our findings unveil a critical yet underrecognized indirect mechanism by which climate change endangers forest ecosystems, emphasizing the need to consider interactions between demographic processes when assessing species vulnerability to climate change.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2423181122","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,28]],"date-time":"2025-01-28T13:40:11Z","timestamp":1738071611000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Growth decline in European beech associated with temperature-driven increase in reproductive allocation"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"122","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3676-1568","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew","family":"Hacket-Pain","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography and Planning, School of Environmental Sciences, University of Liverpool","place":["Liverpool, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4595-1876","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jakub","family":"Szymkowiak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Ecology Research Unit, Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University","place":["Poznan, Poland"]},{"name":"Forest Biology Center, Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University","place":["Poznan, Poland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7324-7002","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valentin","family":"Journ\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forest Biology Center, Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University","place":["Poznan, Poland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maciej K.","family":"Barczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forest Biology Center, Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University","place":["Poznan, Poland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter A.","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, Keele University","place":["Staffordshire, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan G. 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