{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T20:21:44Z","timestamp":1793823704908,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":108,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,2]],"date-time":"2025-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748822400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F\u00f6rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["310030_197776"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["310030_197776"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009708","name":"Novo Nordisk Fonden","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#NNF18OC0033926"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#NNF18OC0033926"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009708","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100018694","name":"EC | Horizon Europe | Excellent Science | HORIZON EUROPE Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["898228"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["898228"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100018694","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"HHS | NIH | National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Intramural Research Program"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Intramural Research Program"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Ernst Hadorn Foundation","award":["Galvanetto"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Galvanetto"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Biomolecular condensates form by phase separation of biological polymers and have important functions in the cell\u2014functions that are inherently linked to their physical properties at different scales. A notable aspect of such membraneless organelles is that their viscoelastic properties can vary by orders of magnitude, but it has remained unclear how these pronounced differences are rooted in the nanoscale dynamics at the molecular level. Here, we investigate a series of condensates formed by complex coacervation of highly charged disordered proteins and polypeptides that span about two orders of magnitude in bulk viscosity. We find that their viscosity is highly correlated with protein translational diffusion and nano- to microsecond chain dynamics. Remarkably, analytical relations from polymer physics can predict condensate viscosity from diffusivity and chain dynamics, and vice versa, even for more hydrophobic disordered proteins and for synthetic polyelectrolytes, indicating a mechanistic link across several decades of length- and timescales. Atomistic simulations reveal that the observed differences in friction\u2014a key quantity underlying these relations\u2014reflect differences in interresidue contact lifetimes as a function of arginine content and salt concentration, leading to the vastly different dynamics among condensates. The rapid exchange of interresidue contacts we observe may be a general mechanism for preventing dynamic arrest in compartments densely packed with polyelectrolytes, such as the cell nucleus.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2424135122","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,2]],"date-time":"2025-06-02T15:02:16Z","timestamp":1748876536000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":85,"title":["Material properties of biomolecular condensates emerge from nanoscale dynamics"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"122","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0408-1747","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicola","family":"Galvanetto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich","place":["Zurich, Switzerland"]},{"name":"Department of Physics, University of Zurich","place":["Zurich, Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3164-9411","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Milo\u0161 T.","family":"Ivanovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich","place":["Zurich, Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simone A.","family":"Del Grosso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich","place":["Zurich, Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0579-292X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aritra","family":"Chowdhury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich","place":["Zurich, Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Sottini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich","place":["Zurich, Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Nettels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich","place":["Zurich, Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7893-3543","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert B.","family":"Best","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computational Biophysics Section, Laboratory of Chemical Physics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health","place":["Bethesda"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5970-4251","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamin","family":"Schuler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich","place":["Zurich, Switzerland"]},{"name":"Department of Physics, University of Zurich","place":["Zurich, Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41556-024-01363-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nphys3532"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-cellbio-100913-013325"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.4c00138"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1917569117"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1816936115"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.08.037"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-020-00303-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.12.035"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-physchem-071819-113553"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-41586-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C2SM25604E"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/la302729r"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ma902144k"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-47435-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2019.00021"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41589-021-00801-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.68620"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2018.05.023"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.mie.2020.06.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0064247"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06726-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-33221-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1699180"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198520597.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-26733-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41589-022-01252-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abj1771"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D0CP02764B"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41557-024-01489-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-46223-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adj2448"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41567-024-02558-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cis.2016.08.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature22989"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2024.02.029"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_37_2","author":"Alberts B.","year":"2022","unstructured":"B. Alberts, Molecular Biology of the Cell (Garland Science, 2022).","journal-title":"Molecular Biology of the Cell"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.490"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41557-021-00839-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2010.04.065"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06329-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-conmatphys-042020-113457"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119290971.ch7"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ma101031t"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D0SM00001A"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-18224-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.macromol.1c00216"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-21181-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C7SC04905F"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.31486"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-35001-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpc.2007.11.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.42571"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42254-024-00748-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2304036120"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1001743107"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0611093104"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-biophys-062215-010915"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nchem.2803"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaw4951"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcb.0c10489"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pro.4109"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-35370-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature25762"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep21759"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0735920100"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wcms.1215"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.128.038102"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.106.044403"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcb.1c02783"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_71_2","first-page":"181","article-title":"Solutions of associative polymers","volume":"5","author":"Rubinstein M.","year":"1997","unstructured":"M. Rubinstein, A. Dobrynin, Solutions of associative polymers. Trends Polym. Sci. 5, 181\u2013186 (1997).","journal-title":"Trends Polym. Sci."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ma0013049"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-biophys-121219-081629"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.macromol.0c00312"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1675789"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ma020009g"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaw8653"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_78_2","first-page":"K65.00005","article-title":"Density and viscosity measurements on the liquid condensates of FUS protein low-complexity domain","volume":"64","author":"Ji C.","year":"2019","unstructured":"C. Ji, E. Girardi, N. Fawzi, J. Tang, Density and viscosity measurements on the liquid condensates of FUS protein low-complexity domain. APS March Meeting 64, K65.00005 (2019).","journal-title":"APS March Meeting"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41594-019-0250-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.macromol.3c01540"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_81_2","volume-title":"The Theory of Polymer Dynamics","author":"Doi M.","year":"1994","unstructured":"M. Doi, S. F. Edwards, The Theory of Polymer Dynamics (Clarendon Press, 1994)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ma00095a001"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ma60052a011"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ma201583q"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.124.147801"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-32874-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_87_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S. Mukherjee L. V. Sch\u00e4fer Heterogeneous slowdown of dynamics in the condensate of an intrinsically disordered protein. bioRxiv [Preprint] (2024). https:\/\/www.biorxiv.org\/content\/10.1101\/2024.07.15.603508v1 (Accessed 25 July 2024).","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.07.15.603508"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_88_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/333210a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_89_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2113789118"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_90_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-26274-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_91_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10498"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_92_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.1.377"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_93_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10879"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_94_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.102.020501"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_95_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms7052"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_96_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41557-023-01289-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_97_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2301366120"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_98_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4900941"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_99_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PRXLife.2.023011"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_100_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcb.3c01292"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_101_2","unstructured":"L. K. Davis A. J. Baldwin P. Pearce Mesoscopic heterogeneity in biomolecular condensates from sequence patterning. arXiv [Preprint] (2025). http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2502.14587 (Accessed 25 February 2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_102_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"V. Sorichetti Charge distribution of coating brush drives inter-chromosome attraction. bioRxiv [Preprint] (2024). https:\/\/www.biorxiv.org\/content\/10.1101\/2024.12.01.626236v1 (Accessed 25 February 2025).","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.12.01.626236"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_103_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0223001"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_104_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ma60045a023"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_105_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ma60045a020"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_106_2","author":"Best R. B.","unstructured":"R. B. Best, code for analyzing contact lifetimes in MD simulations. Zenodo. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.7967716. Accessed 15 May 2025.","journal-title":"contact"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_107_2","unstructured":"N. Galvanetto Extreme dynamics in a biomolecular condensate. Zenodo. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.7963359. Accessed 15 May 2025."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_108_2","unstructured":"M. Ivanovic N. Galvanetto R.B. Best B. Schuler Simulations used in: Material properties of biomolecular condensates emerge from nanoscale dynamics Zenodo. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.15412591. Accessed 15 May 2025."}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1073\/pnas.2424135122","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,2]],"date-time":"2025-06-02T15:03:04Z","timestamp":1748876584000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/10.1073\/pnas.2424135122"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,2]]},"references-count":108,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1073\/pnas.2424135122"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2424135122","relation":{},"ISSN":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-8424","type":"print"},{"value":"1091-6490","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-11-20","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-04-26","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-06-02","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e2424135122"}}