{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T19:19:38Z","timestamp":1789240778747,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,9]],"date-time":"2025-05-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746748800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Recent research has identified several effective strategies for reducing Americans\u2019 animosity toward supporters of opposing political parties. However, whether these strategies can durably reduce partisan animosity in a scalable manner and in everyday life remains unclear. We bridge the gap between prior research and useful application by assessing whether exposure to multiple, scalable treatments that portray inparty and outparty members interacting positively, receiving accurate information about one another\u2019s views, and learning about cross-party similarities can a) durably shift partisans\u2019 sentiments and b) influence partisans\u2019 sentiments toward specific, personally known others encountered in everyday life\u2014not only general, hypothetical, or one-off rival partisans. In a longitudinal survey experiment, we find that exposure to three brief, scalable treatments over a week reduces partisan animosity, with effects persisting for at least a month. Moreover, the treatments durably ameliorate animosity toward both general outparty members and a personally known outparty member, specified prior to the treatments. These findings suggest promising avenues for redressing social divisions in real-world contexts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2424414122","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,9]],"date-time":"2025-05-09T13:40:43Z","timestamp":1746798043000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Durably reducing partisan animosity through multiple scalable treatments"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"122","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0802-0415","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew E. K.","family":"Hall","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Political Science, University of Notre Dame","place":["Notre Dame"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0462-7535","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brittany C.","family":"Solomon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Management & Organization, Mendoza College of Business, University of Notre Dame","place":["Notre Dame"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4275-9798","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan G.","family":"Voelkel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jeb E. Brooks School of Public Policy, Cornell University","place":["Ithaca"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5512-7218","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael N.","family":"Stagnaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sloan School of Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology","place":["Cambridge"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2702-470X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James Y.","family":"Chu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sociology, Columbia University","place":["New York"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3404-6472","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robb","family":"Willer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sociology, Stanford University","place":["Stanford"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adh4764"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","unstructured":"S. Atske The partisan landscape and views of the parties. Pew Research Center (2019). https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/politics\/2019\/10\/10\/the-partisan-landscape-and-views-of-the-parties\/ (Accessed 23 October 2024)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaq1433"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-020-01012-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ajps.12330"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-022-01442-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226824697.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Consuming cross-cutting media causes learning and moderates attitudes: A field experiment with fox news viewers","volume":"87","author":"Broockman D. E.","year":"2024","unstructured":"D. E. Broockman , J. L. Kalla , Consuming cross-cutting media causes learning and moderates attitudes: A field experiment with fox news viewers. J. Politics 87 , 1 (2024), 10.1086\/730725.","journal-title":"J. Politics"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0003055422000132"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/poq\/nfz003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2008389118"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","volume-title":"We Need to Talk: How Cross-Party Dialogue Reduces Affective Polarization","author":"Levendusky M. S.","year":"2021","unstructured":"M. S. Levendusky , D. A. Stecula , We Need to Talk: How Cross-Party Dialogue Reduces Affective Polarization (Cambridge University Press, 2021)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/715603"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"F. Duong C. Small S. Hawkins C. Xu Outgroup testimonials and ingroup validation strengthen the effects of perception gap interventions on affective polarization: Evidence from a large-scale experiment. PsyArXiv [Preprint] (2023). https:\/\/osf.io\/atguq (Accessed 24 October 2024).","DOI":"10.31234\/osf.io\/atguq"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-polisci-051117-073034"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","unstructured":"M. E. K. Hall Data from \u201cDurably reducing partisan animosity through multiple scalable treatments.\u201d Open Science Framework. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17605\/OSF.IO\/MXREJ. Deposited 20 December 2024."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","unstructured":"M. E. K. Hall Data from \u201cDurably reducing partisan animosity through multiple scalable treatments.\u201d Open Science Framework. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17605\/OSF.IO\/U5FQX. Deposited 20 May 2024."}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1073\/pnas.2424414122","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]],"date-time":"2025-07-17T19:53:21Z","timestamp":1752782001000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/10.1073\/pnas.2424414122"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,9]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1073\/pnas.2424414122"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2424414122","relation":{},"ISSN":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-8424","type":"print"},{"value":"1091-6490","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-12-20","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-03-19","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-05-09","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e2424414122"}}