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To investigate the geometry of the growing ECM, we fused the\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">yfp<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene with the gene for pherophorin II (PhII) in\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">V. carteri<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Confocal microscopy reveals PhII:YFP localization at key ECM structures, including the boundaries of compartments surrounding each somatic cell and the outer surface of the organism. Image analysis during the life cycle allows the stochastic geometry of growing compartments to be quantified; their areas and aspect ratios exhibit robust gamma distributions and exhibit a structural transition from a tight polygonal to a looser acircular packing geometry with stable eccentricity over time, evoking parallels and distinctions with the behavior of hydrated foams. These results provide quantitative insight into a general, open question in biology: how do cells collectively produce a complex structure external to themselves in a robust and accurate manner?\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2425759122","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,12]],"date-time":"2025-08-12T17:44:12Z","timestamp":1755020652000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Spatiotemporal distribution of the glycoprotein pherophorin II reveals stochastic geometry of the growing ECM of\n                    <i>Volvox carteri<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"122","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5281-6325","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamin","family":"von der Heyde","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cellular and Developmental Biology of Plants","place":["Bielefeld, Germany"]},{"name":"University of Bielefeld","place":["Bielefeld, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0533-2413","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anand","family":"Srinivasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, Centre for Mathematical Sciences","place":["Cambridge, United Kingdom"]},{"name":"University of Cambridge","place":["Cambridge, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4838-8262","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sumit Kumar","family":"Birwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, Centre for Mathematical Sciences","place":["Cambridge, United Kingdom"]},{"name":"University of Cambridge","place":["Cambridge, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7107-6238","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eva Laura","family":"von der Heyde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cellular and Developmental Biology of Plants","place":["Bielefeld, Germany"]},{"name":"University of Bielefeld","place":["Bielefeld, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1815-705X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steph S. 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