{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T16:34:02Z","timestamp":1781109242528,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,2]],"date-time":"2025-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748822400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The Earth system model CLIMBER-2 has been used in past work to successfully reproduce the glacial\/interglacial cycles of the Plio\u2013Pleistocene and the Mid-Pleistocene Transition (MPT) from predominantly 40 to 100 ky timescale oscillatory behavior as a function of declining volcanic outgassing and regolith removal. In this study, we further examine the sensitivity of this previous work to varying prescribed levels of volcanic outgassing and regolith extent and the long-term dynamics of the global carbon cycle, affecting the exchange and partitioning of carbon between different Earth system reservoirs and therefore global atmospheric CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    concentrations. As volcanic outgassing decreases, CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    and land carbon storage decrease, while ocean carbon storage, including CaCO\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    sediment, increases. At volcanic outgassing levels below a threshold value of roughly 5.7 Tmol C yr\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    , sea level decreases due to land ice formation, leading to increased carbon accumulation in the ocean and decreased carbon in the CaCO\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    sediment reservoir. Our previous finding of strong hysteresis and path dependence in the glacial\/interglacial alternation history [J. Carrillo\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">et al.<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.<\/jats:italic>\n                    121, e2322926121 (2024)] appears to be a tenuous climate feature, dependent on the precise representation of carbon cycle processes and, specifically, the numerical precision used in the calculation of certain key state variables in the model\u2019s carbon cycle.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2427236122","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,2]],"date-time":"2025-06-02T15:02:16Z","timestamp":1748876536000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Sensitivity of simulations of Plio\u2013Pleistocene climate with the CLIMBER-2 Earth System Model to details of the global carbon cycle"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"122","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3156-770X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Judit","family":"Carrillo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth and Environmental Science, University of Pennsylvania","place":["Pennsylvania"]},{"name":"Department of Applied Physics, University of La Laguna","place":["La Laguna, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3067-296X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael E.","family":"Mann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth and Environmental Science, University of Pennsylvania","place":["Pennsylvania"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irina","family":"Marinov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth and Environmental Science, University of Pennsylvania","place":["Pennsylvania"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shannon A.","family":"Christiansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth and Environmental Science, University of Pennsylvania","place":["Pennsylvania"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3998-6404","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matteo","family":"Willeit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research","place":["Potsdam, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrey","family":"Ganopolski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research","place":["Potsdam, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","volume-title":"Th\u00e9orie math\u00e9matique des ph\u00e9nom\u00e8nes thermiques produits par la radiation solaire","author":"Milankovi\u0107 M.","year":"1920","unstructured":"M. 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