{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T02:32:15Z","timestamp":1791081135635,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"25","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,12,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The high frequency, recent origin, and geographic distribution of the\n                    <jats:italic>CCR5-<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u0394\n                    <jats:italic>32<\/jats:italic>\n                    deletion allele together indicate that it has been intensely selected in Europe. Although the allele confers resistance against HIV-1, HIV has not existed in the human population long enough to account for this selective pressure. The prevailing hypothesis is that the selective rise of\n                    <jats:italic>CCR5-<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u0394\n                    <jats:italic>32<\/jats:italic>\n                    to its current frequency can be attributed to bubonic plague. By using a population genetic framework that takes into account the temporal pattern and age-dependent nature of specific diseases, we find that smallpox is more consistent with this historical role.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2435085100","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,12,9]],"date-time":"2003-12-09T13:17:48Z","timestamp":1070975868000},"page":"15276-15279","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":218,"title":["Evaluating plague and smallpox as historical selective pressures for the\n                    <i>CCR5-\u039432<\/i>\n                    HIV-resistance allele"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"100","author":[{"given":"Alison P.","family":"Galvani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Montgomery","family":"Slatkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.272.5270.1955"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/381667a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/381661a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.273.5283.1856"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1196-1240"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0397-252"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)80110-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0397-338"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","first-page":"1219","volume":"349","year":"1997","unstructured":"O'Brien, T., Winkler, C., Dean, M., Nelson, J. 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