{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T19:53:53Z","timestamp":1792785233729,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"30","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]],"date-time":"2025-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753056000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Grants from the National Key Research and Development Program","award":["2022YFA0912103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFA0912103"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Natural biopolymer-degrading microbial communities drive carbon biogeochemical cycling. Within these communities, polymer degraders facilitate the growth of nondegraders by breaking down polymers through extracellular enzymes. However, the contributions of nondegraders to community dynamics, as well as the mechanisms that limit their access to degradation products, remain poorly understood. Here, we investigate EMSD5, a lignocellulose-degrading microbial community that efficiently converts corncob into isopropanol. We demonstrate that nondegraders, such as\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    , enable the growth of degraders (e.g.,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Lachnoclostridium<\/jats:italic>\n                    sp. and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Clostridium beijerinckii<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) by creating anaerobic conditions and supplying biotin. Within such expanded niches, lignocellulose degradation proceeds sequentially, and the availability of breakdown products to\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">E<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    is constrained by two interlinked processes. Specifically,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Lachnoclostridium<\/jats:italic>\n                    sp. produces oligosaccharides that are largely inaccessible to\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">E<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    . A subset of these oligosaccharides is utilized by\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">beijerinckii<\/jats:italic>\n                    to produce monosaccharides that support\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">E<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    growth, while glycosidase secretion by\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">beijerinckii<\/jats:italic>\n                    is reduced under coculture conditions. Building on these findings, we designed a synthetic consortium by coculturing\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. beijerinckii<\/jats:italic>\n                    with an engineered\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">E<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    strain that expresses xylanase genes from an unculturable\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Lachnoclostridium<\/jats:italic>\n                    . This consortium achieved isopropanol production from hemicellulose without requiring anaerobic conditions. Our findings reveal the niche-expanding role of nondegraders and the processes that constrain their access to degradation products, offering insights into maintaining stable cooperation in biopolymer-degrading communities and designing efficient consortia for biopolymer conversion.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2500664122","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]],"date-time":"2025-07-21T19:13:17Z","timestamp":1753125197000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Mutualism between degraders and nondegraders stabilizes the function of a natural biopolymer-degrading community"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"122","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5588-4398","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liang","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, and Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0479-363X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Changfu","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, and Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4636-0058","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miaoxiao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Systems Science, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Z\u00fcrich","place":["Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland"]},{"name":"Department of Environmental Microbiology, Eawag","place":["D\u00fcbendorf, Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, and Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaru","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, and Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tingting","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, and Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongwen","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, and Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qijun","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, and Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Entao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Microbiolog\u00eda, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional","place":["Mexico City, Mexico"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinshui","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, and Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5218-0523","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hongli","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, and Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2017.05.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abk3076"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1747"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.13382"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-020-00970-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-018-0225-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coche.2020.08.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2019.03.047"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07921"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms11965"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2019.03.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abi4717"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2013.10.030"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms15416"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2015.212"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2020.06.100"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2019.06.023"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2305198120"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-56012-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2017.12.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enzmictec.2008.06.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2019.121965"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-019-1643-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/bi060842w"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2020.08.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13068-017-0973-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mSystems.01351-20"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-022-00695-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-021-01535-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-025-03486-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-020-01353-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-021-01505-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1706016114"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coche.2016.09.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13068-016-0658-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41396-018-0288-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-019-0634-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02931-19"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41396-023-01522-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C8NP00009C"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature17626"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1006364"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/evo.12468"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1916224116"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2016.164"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13995"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2019.09.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13068-019-1495-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_49_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Novel fusants of two and three clostridia for enhanced green production of biobutanol","volume":"12","author":"Mohtasebi B.","year":"2019","unstructured":"B. Mohtasebi, M. Maki, W. Qin, Y. Dahman, Novel fusants of two and three clostridia for enhanced green production of biobutanol. Biofuels 12, 1\u201311 (2019).","journal-title":"Biofuels"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/abbs\/gmab036"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ac60147a030"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_52_2","author":"Liu L.","unstructured":"L. Liu, \u201cMetagenomic data obtained from decomposition microbiome EMSD5 enriched from compost soil.\u201d NCBI Sequence Read Archive, PRJNA918781. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/bioproject\/?term=PRJNA918781. Accessed 5 January 2023.","journal-title":"microbiome"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_53_2","unstructured":"L. Liu \u201cAnalysis of the structure of decomposition microbiota enriched from compost soil.\u201d NCBI Sequence Read Archive PRJNA918848. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/bioproject\/?term=PRJNA918848. 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