{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T22:10:30Z","timestamp":1790633430787,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"33","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,15]],"date-time":"2025-08-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755216000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Shenzhen Science and Technology Program","award":["SGDX20211123151002003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SGDX20211123151002003"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010428","name":"Innovation and Technology Fund","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["GHP\/191\/21SZ"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GHP\/191\/21SZ"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010428","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Australian Research Council Discoverry Early Career Researcher Award","award":["DE200101669"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DE200101669"]}]},{"name":"University of Sydney Horizon Fellow Scheme","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,19]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The practical applications of aqueous Zn||MnO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    batteries are limited by their small areal capacity, low discharging plateau, and clumsy packing device. Currently, the high potential MnO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    \/Mn\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    redox conversion can only be well activated in electrolytes with a very low pH value, which is not friendly to the Zn metal anode. To overcome these limitations, we have designed mild amphiphilic hydrogel electrolytes (AHEs) with a wide electrochemical stability window (ESW) and high ionic activity. The design is based on the mechanism that trace amounts of hydrophobic moieties enhance the hydrogen bonding between hydrophilic groups and water molecules in the hydrogel electrolytes. The developed AHE possesses an ESW up to ~3.0 V even at a high water content of ~76 wt%. The assembled Zn||MnO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    pouch cells using the hydrogel electrolytes demonstrated a large areal capacity of ~5 mAh cm\n                    <jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>\n                    at 1 mA cm\n                    <jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>\n                    and a high-voltage and flat discharging plateau of ~1.9 V. Furthermore, a pouch cell with an area of 40 cm\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    was fabricated, exhibiting a capacity of ~125 mAh at 2 mA cm\n                    <jats:sup>\u22122<\/jats:sup>\n                    . Two pouch cells (25 cm\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) in series were used to drive a 3.7 V-powerable electric fan. This work highlights the rational design of wide-ESW AHEs with high ionic activity as a promising approach to achieving portable and scalable applications of aqueous high-voltage Zn||MnO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    batteries.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2501935122","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,15]],"date-time":"2025-08-15T17:36:07Z","timestamp":1755279367000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Scalable high-voltage Zn||MnO\n                    <sub>2<\/sub>\n                    batteries achieved by mild amphiphilic hydrogel electrolytes"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"122","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5539-6557","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chuan","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong","place":["Hong Kong, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bochun","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong","place":["Hong Kong, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ze","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong","place":["Hong Kong, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong","place":["Hong Kong, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huilin","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong","place":["Hong Kong, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanbo","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong","place":["Hong Kong, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong","place":["Hong Kong, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Multiscale Crystal Materials Research Center, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences","place":["Shenzhen, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8227-9671","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong","place":["Hong Kong, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3202-7879","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zengxia","family":"Pei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney","place":["Sydney, Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6766-5953","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chunyi","family":"Zhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong","place":["Hong Kong, China"]},{"name":"Hong Kong Institute for Clean Energy, City University of Hong Kong","place":["Kowloon, Hong Kong, China"]},{"name":"Hong Kong Institute for Advanced Study, City University of Hong Kong","place":["Kowloon, Hong Kong, China"]},{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong","place":["Hong Kong, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chempr.2022.03.019"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joule.2025.101827"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201904174"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-26947-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202203249"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202300577"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.201904163"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aab1595"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41563-020-0667-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1612480114"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1723985"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/j100008a001"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0927-0256(97)00152-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jp5128578"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ensm.2023.102858"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201907064"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202211237"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.3c07764"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2018.09.177"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.7b05286"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.porgcoat.2017.11.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0040-6031(88)80018-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2018.11.023"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202300244"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpc.2021.108171"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.445869"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ct400146w"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ct500918t"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcc.20035"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/j100142a004"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcc.22885"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wcms.1606"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_2","first-page":"120","volume-title":"Computer Simulation Using Particles","author":"Hockney R.","year":"1989","unstructured":"R. Hockney, J. Eastwood, \u201cThe particle-mesh force calculation\u201d in Computer Simulation Using Particles (Adam Hilger, Bristol and New York, NY, 1989), pp. 120\u2013165."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.31.1695"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2021.166841"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmgm.2016.11.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0263-7855(96)00018-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202211555"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202101579"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202309430"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.3c02965"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-40178-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joule.2021.12.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41560-019-0388-0"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1073\/pnas.2501935122","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,15]],"date-time":"2025-08-15T17:36:12Z","timestamp":1755279372000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/10.1073\/pnas.2501935122"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,15]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"33","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,19]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1073\/pnas.2501935122"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2501935122","relation":{},"ISSN":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-8424","type":"print"},{"value":"1091-6490","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-02-20","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-06-28","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-08-15","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e2501935122"}}