{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T22:09:43Z","timestamp":1783721383421,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"32","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]],"date-time":"2025-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754611200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006463","name":"Bayerisches Staatsministerium\u00a0f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Medien,\u00a0Energie und Technologie","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["0703\/89372\/2921"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0703\/89372\/2921"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006463","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Understanding refugees\u2019 destination choices is key to designing appropriate policies, but little is known about this beyond correlational patterns and the effects of isolated policy changes. To derive causal evidence on how destination country characteristics affect refugees\u2019 destination choices, we conducted a forced-choice conjoint experiment among 3,348 Ukrainian refugees across Europe. In the survey experiment, refugees repeatedly chose between two hypothetical countries that varied on eight relevant attributes. Ukrainian refugees are uniquely suited to study the relative importance of different host country attributes as they have the right to choose in which member state of the European Union they apply for temporary protection. We find that job opportunities are a much stronger driver of destination choice than social assistance. A one SD increase in average wages makes it 16.4 percentage points more likely that the country is chosen in the survey experiment, while a corresponding increase in social assistance increases the probability of the country being chosen by only 4.5 percentage points. The ease of finding a job matching one\u2019s qualifications is valued even more than having friends or family and knowing the language of the country. We also find strong sorting in that respondents who value knowing the language and job opportunities in our survey experiments are also more likely to have settled in countries where this is the case. Conjoint experiments can be used to assess refugees\u2019 anticipated migratory responses to proposed policy changes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2502420122","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]],"date-time":"2025-08-08T15:28:51Z","timestamp":1754666931000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Refugees from Ukraine value job opportunities over welfare"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"122","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6561-2233","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joop","family":"Adema","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Finance","place":["Innsbruck, Austria"]},{"name":"University of Innsbruck","place":["Innsbruck, Austria"]},{"name":"Center for Migration and Development Economics","place":["Munich, Germany"]},{"name":"Ifo Institute","place":["Munich, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8033-6377","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lasha","family":"Chargaziia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Migration and Development Economics","place":["Munich, Germany"]},{"name":"Ifo Institute","place":["Munich, Germany"]},{"name":"Department of Economics","place":["Munich, Germany"]},{"name":"Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich","place":["Munich, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-5135-2112","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yvonne","family":"Giesing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Migration and Development Economics","place":["Munich, Germany"]},{"name":"Ifo Institute","place":["Munich, Germany"]},{"name":"Department of Economics","place":["Munich, Germany"]},{"name":"Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich","place":["Munich, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2070-784X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Panu","family":"Poutvaara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Migration and Development Economics","place":["Munich, Germany"]},{"name":"Ifo Institute","place":["Munich, Germany"]},{"name":"Department of Economics","place":["Munich, Germany"]},{"name":"Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich","place":["Munich, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","unstructured":"UNHCR Refugee statistics (2024). https:\/\/www.unhcr.org\/refugee-statistics. 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