{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T14:24:32Z","timestamp":1793111072481,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"32","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,5]],"date-time":"2025-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754352000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"HHS | NIH | Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01HD097619"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HD097619"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"HHS | NIH | National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R56MH113627"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R56MH113627"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"HHS | NIH | National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01MH119086"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01MH119086"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000055","name":"HHS | NIH | National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01DC018061"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DC018061"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000055","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Goal-directed motor performance relies on the brain\u2019s ability to distinguish between actions that lead to successful and unsuccessful outcomes. The basal ganglia (BG) and cerebellum (CBL) are integral for processing performance outcomes, yet their functional interactions remain underexplored. We scanned participants\u2019 brains with functional magnetic imaging (fMRI) while they performed a skilled motor task for monetary rewards, where outcomes depended on their motor performance and probabilistic events that were not contingent on their performance. Successful motor outcomes increased activity in the ventral striatum (VS), a functional subregion of the BG, whereas unsuccessful motor outcomes engaged the CBL. In contrast, for probabilistic outcomes unrelated to motor performance, the BG and CBL exhibited no differences in activity between successful and unsuccessful outcomes. Dynamic causal modeling revealed that VS-to-CBL connectivity was inhibitory following successful motor outcomes, suggesting that the VS may suppress CBL error processing for correct actions. Conversely, CBL-to-VS connectivity was inhibitory after unsuccessful motor outcomes, potentially preventing reinforcement of erroneous actions. Additionally, interindividual differences in task preference, assessed by having participants choose between performing the motor task or flipping a coin for monetary rewards, were related to inhibitory VS-CBL connectivity. These findings highlight a performance-mediated functional network between the VS and CBL, modulated by motivation and subjective preferences, that supports goal-directed behavior.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2503373122","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,5]],"date-time":"2025-08-05T16:26:02Z","timestamp":1754411162000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Striatal and cerebellar interactions during reward-based motor performance"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"122","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-4848-3054","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joonhee Leo","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine","place":["Baltimore"]},{"name":"Center for Movement Studies, Kennedy Krieger Institute","place":["Baltimore"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agostina","family":"Casamento-Moran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine","place":["Baltimore"]},{"name":"Center for Movement Studies, Kennedy Krieger Institute","place":["Baltimore"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6079-0997","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amy J.","family":"Bastian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Movement Studies, Kennedy Krieger Institute","place":["Baltimore"]},{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine","place":["Baltimore"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9348-0933","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kathleen E.","family":"Cullen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine","place":["Baltimore"]},{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine","place":["Baltimore"]},{"name":"Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Johns Hopkins University","place":["Baltimore"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8810-5699","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vikram S.","family":"Chib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine","place":["Baltimore"]},{"name":"Center for Movement Studies, Kennedy Krieger Institute","place":["Baltimore"]},{"name":"Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Johns Hopkins University","place":["Baltimore"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(00)00153-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-018-0002-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1000496107"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-010-9143-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1544"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0301-0082(80)90018-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(08)62678-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-7634(02)00007-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2005.08.061"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2012.02.038"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2012.01.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0497-13.2013"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1491-14.2014"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2016.01.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.275.5306.1593"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1094285"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1105370"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0025-5564(71)90051-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1969.sp008820"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","volume-title":"The Cerebellum and Neural Control","author":"Ito M.","year":"1984","unstructured":"M. Ito, M. Ito, The Cerebellum and Neural Control (Raven, New York, 1984)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(99)00046-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.13-03-00900.1993"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.02.019"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-26338-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.46764"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2022.02.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aav0581"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(03)00169-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4341-13.2014"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.07.077"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2023.112000"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00023.2014"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4167"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(03)00202-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.06.031"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.06.032"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.08.035"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.11.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1995.10476572"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_40_2","volume-title":"Statistical Parametric Mapping: The Analysis of Functional Brain Images","author":"Penny W. D.","year":"2011","unstructured":"W. D. Penny, K. J. Friston, J. T. Ashburner, S. J. Kiebel, T. E. Nichols, Statistical Parametric Mapping: The Analysis of Functional Brain Images (Elsevier, 2011)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1214\/ss\/1009212519"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1254-18.2018"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nsy108"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/66.4.289"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00339.2011"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.36652"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-99550-8_5"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-11050-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-46962-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12311-016-0801-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-019-0381-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(01)00303-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.01.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2019.04.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4504-11.2012"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1874-05.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2007.09.062"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00323.2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-006-0571-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-04143-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_61_2","article-title":"Cerebellar activation bidirectionally regulates nucleus accumbens core and medial shell","volume":"12","author":"D\u2019Ambra A. F.","year":"2023","unstructured":"A. F. D\u2019Ambra , Cerebellar activation bidirectionally regulates nucleus accumbens core and medial shell. eLife 12, RP87252 (2023).","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-2236(89)90074-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0228081"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsys.2023.1176126"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.97489"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1523669113"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature21726"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.11.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11061047"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2025-16.2016"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.1998.555be.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.13.5903"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_73_2","first-page":"R1155","article-title":"Obligatory role of NO in glutamate-dependent hyperemia evoked from cerebellar parallel fibers","volume":"272","author":"Yang G.","year":"1997","unstructured":"G. Yang, C. Iadecola, Obligatory role of NO in glutamate-dependent hyperemia evoked from cerebellar parallel fibers. Am. J. Physiol. 272, R1155\u20131161 (1997).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1996.75.2.940"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjhyper.2006.03.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00240.2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/155005941004100204"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.20442"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.10142"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2014.10.017"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.11.074"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.61.8.1307"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20486"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(09)70068-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(13)70294-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.10.021"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_87_2","unstructured":"J. L. Lee Data from \u201cStriatal and cerebellar interactions during reward-based motor performance\u201d. Open Science Framework. https:\/\/osf.io\/4ehqw\/?view_only=2062c3c3807445e5812f2f7d0e962452. Deposited 8 July 2025."}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1073\/pnas.2503373122","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,5]],"date-time":"2025-08-05T16:26:09Z","timestamp":1754411169000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/10.1073\/pnas.2503373122"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,5]]},"references-count":87,"journal-issue":{"issue":"32","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1073\/pnas.2503373122"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2503373122","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2025.02.06.636434","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-8424","type":"print"},{"value":"1091-6490","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-02-17","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-06-18","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-08-05","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e2503373122"}}