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U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Social networks scaffold the diffusion of information on social media. Much attention has been given to the spread of true vs. false content on online social platforms, including the structural differences between their diffusion patterns. However, much less is known about how platform interventions on false content alter the engagement with and diffusion of such content. In this work, we estimate the causal effects of Community Notes, a novel fact-checking feature adopted by X (formerly Twitter) to solicit and vet crowd-sourced fact-checking notes for false content. We gather detailed time series data for 40,078 posts for which notes have been proposed and use synthetic control methods to estimate a range of counterfactual outcomes. We find that attaching fact-checking notes significantly reduces the engagement with and diffusion of false content. We estimate that, on average, the notes resulted in reductions of 46.1% in reposts, 44.1% in likes, 21.9% in replies, and 13.5% in views after being attached. Over the posts\u2019 entire lifespans, these reductions amount to 11.6% fewer reposts, 13.3% fewer likes, 6.9% fewer replies, and 5.5% fewer views on average. In reducing reposts, we observe that diffusion cascades for fact-checked content are less deep and less \u201cviral,\u201d but not less broad, than synthetic control estimates for non-fact-checked content with similar reach. This structural difference contrasts notably with differences between false vs. true content diffusion itself, where false information diffuses farther, but with structural patterns that are otherwise indistinguishable from those of true information, conditional on reach.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2503413122","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,18]],"date-time":"2025-09-18T17:53:16Z","timestamp":1758217996000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Community notes reduce engagement with and diffusion of false information online"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"122","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1911-2374","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isaac","family":"Slaughter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Information School","place":["Seattle"]},{"name":"University of Washington","place":["Seattle"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6905-4099","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Axel","family":"Peytavin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Management Science and Engineering","place":["Stanford"]},{"name":"Stanford University","place":["Stanford"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johan","family":"Ugander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Management Science and Engineering","place":["Stanford"]},{"name":"Stanford University","place":["Stanford"]},{"name":"Department of Statistics and Data Science","place":["New Haven"]},{"name":"Yale University","place":["New Haven"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9908-7454","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Saveski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Information School","place":["Seattle"]},{"name":"University of Washington","place":["Seattle"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797620939054"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-024-01587-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/joc\/jqz028"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. 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