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U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In the vertebrate retina, short wavelength-sensitive S-cones and their downstream interneurons play unique roles in both image forming and non-image-forming vision. Due to their conserved relative rarity in the retina and the high density of rods found in many model species, S-cone circuitry is challenging to examine in detail. Here, we combine electrophysiology, high-quality 3D electron microscopy reconstruction, and electroretinography to characterize in fine detail the S-cone selective circuitry in the outer plexiform layer (OPL) of the cone-dominant retina of the thirteen-lined ground squirrel (13-LGS). The 13-LGS retina has no S-OFF bipolar cell, and both horizontal cell types show distinct S-cone preferences. Signal processing in the 13-LGS OPL appears to have evolved for separate channels that independently modulate synaptic sensitivity of S- and M-cone networks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2504954122","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T20:00:36Z","timestamp":1764619236000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["S-cone-specific circuitry in the outer plexiform layer of a cone-dominant mammal"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"122","author":[{"given":"Yizhen Z.","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Retinal Neurophysiology Section, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health","place":["Bethesda"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Retinal Neurophysiology Section, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health","place":["Bethesda"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1114-4697","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haohua","family":"Qian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Visual Function Core, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health","place":["Bethesda"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Retinal Neurophysiology Section, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health","place":["Bethesda"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8849-6308","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John M.","family":"Ball","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Retinal Neurophysiology Section, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health","place":["Bethesda"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952523813000242"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1350-9462(00)00026-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2300545120"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2016.257"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","first-page":"2761","article-title":"Blue-on-yellow perimetry in the complete type of congenital stationary night blindness","volume":"40","author":"Terasaki H.","year":"1999","unstructured":"H. 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