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Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Trichomonas vaginalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    is a common, extracellular, sexually transmitted parasite which is often found in symbiosis with the intracellular bacterium\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Mycoplasma hominis<\/jats:italic>\n                    (Mh), an opportunistic pathogen of the female reproductive tract. How this symbiosis affects infection outcomes and the host cell innate immune response is poorly understood. Here, we show that infection with\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">T. vaginalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    in symbiosis with\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">M. hominis<\/jats:italic>\n                    or\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">M. hominis<\/jats:italic>\n                    alone triggers a noncanonical type I interferon, interferon-epsilon (IFN\u03b5), but infection with\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">T. vaginalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    alone does not. We also demonstrate that extracellular vesicles (TvEVs) produced by the parasite downregulate host cell IFN\u03b5, counteracting this symbiont-driven response and elevating infection. We further demonstrate that IFN\u03b5, a hormonally regulated cytokine produced in the human reproductive system, is protective against\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">T. vaginalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    cytoadherence and cytolysis of host cells. These studies provide insight into how a parasite and its bacterial symbiont work in concert to regulate host cell innate immune responses to drive infection.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2508297122","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]],"date-time":"2025-06-25T11:38:07Z","timestamp":1750851487000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["<i>Trichomonas vaginalis<\/i>\n                    extracellular vesicles suppress IFN\u03b5-mediated responses driven by its intracellular bacterial symbiont\n                    <i>Mycoplasma hominis<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"122","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7260-3159","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joshua A.","family":"Kochanowsky","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California","place":["Los Angeles"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma L.","family":"Betts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California","place":["Los Angeles"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriel","family":"Encinas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California","place":["Los Angeles"]},{"name":"Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine","place":["Tucson"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johnson","family":"Amoah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California","place":["Los Angeles"]},{"name":"Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine","place":["Tucson"]},{"name":"Department of Life Sciences, Soka University of America","place":["Aliso Viejo"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4472-2702","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patricia J.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California","place":["Los Angeles"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","first-page":"514","article-title":"Sexually transmitted infections: Updates from the 2021 CDC guidelines","volume":"105","author":"Dalby J.","year":"2022","unstructured":"J. Dalby, B. P. Stoner, Sexually transmitted infections: Updates from the 2021 CDC guidelines. Am. Fam. Physician 105, 514\u2013520 (2022).","journal-title":"Am. Fam. Physician"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.18.228486"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000001355"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2018.06.031"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e3182631c79"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.17.4.794-803.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00124256"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","first-page":"167","article-title":"A preliminary study on the relationship between Trichomonas vaginalis and cervical cancer in Egyptian women","volume":"32","author":"Sayed el-Ahl S. A.","year":"2002","unstructured":"S. A. Sayed el-Ahl, H. S. el-Wakil, N. M. Kamel, M. S. E. Mahmoud, A preliminary study on the relationship between Trichomonas vaginalis and cervical cancer in Egyptian women. J. Egypt. Soc. Parasitol. 32, 167\u2013178 (2002).","journal-title":"J. Egypt. Soc. 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A. Kochanowsky RNA sequencing Data from \u201cT. vaginalis extracellular vesicles suppress IFN\u03b5-mediated responses driven by its intracellular bacterial symbiont Mycoplasma hominis.\u201d Gene Expression Omnibus. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/geo\/query\/acc.cgi?acc=GSE278319. Deposited 29 September 2024."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_93_2","unstructured":"J. A. Kochanowsky RNA sequencing Data from \u201cT. vaginalis extracellular vesicles suppress IFN\u03b5-mediated responses driven by its intracellular bacterial symbiont Mycoplasma hominis.\u201d Gene Expression Omnibus. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/geo\/query\/acc.cgi?acc=GSE278360. 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