{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T04:41:51Z","timestamp":1793421711756,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"42","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760313600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000781","name":"EC | European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["283634 725025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["283634 725025"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000781","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000781","name":"EC | European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["313440"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["313440"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000781","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005416","name":"Norwegian Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["325878 262453"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["325878 262453"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005416","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005416","name":"Norwegian Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["325001 301395 239889"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["325001 301395 239889"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005416","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005416","name":"Norwegian Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["249931"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["249931"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005416","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005416","name":"Norwegian Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["324882"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["324882"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005416","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005416","name":"Norwegian Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["325415"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["325415"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005416","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>As Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) is diagnosed more frequently in women, understanding the role of sex has become a key priority in AD research. However, despite aging being the primary risk factor for AD, it remains unclear whether men and women differ in the extent of brain decline with age. Using 12,638 longitudinal brain MRIs from 4,726 participants aged 17 to 95 y across 14 cohorts, we examined sex differences in structural brain changes over time, controlling for differences in head size. Men showed greater cortical thickness (CT) decline in the cuneus, lingual, parahippocampal, and pericalcarine regions; surface area decline in the fusiform and postcentral regions; and in older adults, greater subcortical decline in the caudate, nucleus accumbens, putamen, and pallidum. In contrast, women only showed greater surface area decline in the banks of the superior temporal sulcus and greater ventricular expansion in older adults. These results suggest that sex differences in age-related brain decline are unlikely to contribute to the higher AD diagnosis prevalence in women, necessitating research into alternative explanations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2510486122","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T19:02:22Z","timestamp":1760382142000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Sex differences in healthy brain aging are unlikely to explain higher Alzheimer\u2019s disease prevalence in women"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"122","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-4772-0386","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne","family":"Ravndal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo","place":["Oslo, 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Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9-Luis","family":"Alatorre-Warren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo","place":["Oslo, Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7644-7915","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Markus H.","family":"Sneve","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo","place":["Oslo, Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Bartr\u00e9s-Faz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences and Neurosciences Institute, University of Barcelona","place":["Barcelona, Spain"]},{"name":"Institut Guttmann, Institut Universitari de Neurorehabilitaci\u00f3 adscrit a la Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Barcelona","place":["Badalona, Spain"]},{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3 de Recerca Cl\u00ednic Barcelona, Institut d\u2019Investigacions Biom\u00e8diques August Pi i Sunyer","place":["Barcelona, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8975-0382","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alvaro","family":"Pascual-Leone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hinda and Arthur Marcus Institute for Aging Research and Deanna and Sidney Wolk Center for Memory Health, Hebrew SeniorLife","place":["Boston"]},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School","place":["Boston"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8765-6982","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas M.","family":"Brandmaier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development","place":["Berlin, 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