{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T00:02:07Z","timestamp":1790467327320,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"42","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760400000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Harvard-NUIST Joint Laboratory for Air Quality and Climate","award":["Not applicable"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Not applicable"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000104","name":"NASA","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NNL13AA09C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNL13AA09C"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000104","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000104","name":"NASA","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["80MSFC24CA004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["80MSFC24CA004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000104","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"European Research Council under the European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme","award":["851854"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["851854"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Free tropospheric (FT) nitrogen dioxide (NO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) plays a critical role in atmospheric oxidant chemistry as a source of tropospheric ozone and of the hydroxyl radical (OH). It also contributes significantly to satellite-observed tropospheric NO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    columns, which should be considered when using these columns to quantify surface emissions of nitrogen oxide radicals (NO\n                    <jats:sub>x<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2261 NO + NO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ). But large uncertainties remain in the sources and chemistry of FT NO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    because observations are sparse. Here, we construct a cloud-sliced FT NO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    (700 to 300 hPa) product from the Tropospheric Emissions: Monitoring of Pollution (TEMPO) geostationary satellite instrument over North America. This product provides higher data density and quality than previous products from low Earth orbit instruments, including the first observations of the FT NO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    diurnal cycle in different seasons. Combined with coincident observations from the Geostationary Lightning Mapper, the TEMPO data imply that lightning is the dominant source of FT NO\n                    <jats:sub>x<\/jats:sub>\n                    in nonwinter seasons. Comparison of TEMPO FT NO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    data with the Goddard Earth Observation System-Composition Forecasts (GEOS-CF) atmospheric chemistry model shows overall consistent magnitudes, seasonality, and diurnal variation, with a midday minimum in nonwinter seasons from photochemical loss. However, there are major discrepancies that we attribute to GEOS-CF\u2019s use of a standard cloud-top-height-based scheme for the lightning NO\n                    <jats:sub>x<\/jats:sub>\n                    source. We find that this scheme underestimates offshore lighting flash density and misrepresents the diurnal cycle of lightning over land. Our FT NO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    product provides a unique resource for improving the lightning NO\n                    <jats:sub>x<\/jats:sub>\n                    parameterization in atmospheric models and the ability to use NO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    observations from space to quantify surface NO\n                    <jats:sub>x<\/jats:sub>\n                    emissions.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2510535122","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T17:37:57Z","timestamp":1760463477000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["High-resolution geostationary satellite observations of free tropospheric NO\n                    <sub>2<\/sub>\n                    over North America and implications for lightning emissions"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"122","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7662-3816","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruijun","family":"Dang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University","place":["Cambridge"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6373-3100","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel J.","family":"Jacob","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University","place":["Cambridge"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9722-9992","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huiqun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics Division, Center for Astrophysics | Harvard and Smithsonian","place":["Cambridge"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8718-9752","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caroline R.","family":"Nowlan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics Division, Center for Astrophysics | Harvard and Smithsonian","place":["Cambridge"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8090-6480","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gonzalo","family":"Gonzalez Abad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics Division, Center for Astrophysics | Harvard and Smithsonian","place":["Cambridge"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8052-5488","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heesung","family":"Chong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics Division, Center for Astrophysics | Harvard and Smithsonian","place":["Cambridge"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics Division, Center for Astrophysics | Harvard and Smithsonian","place":["Cambridge"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5547-106X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Viral","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Modeling and Assimilation Office, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center","place":["Greenbelt"]},{"name":"GESTAR II, Morgan State University","place":["Baltimore"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura H.","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University","place":["Cambridge"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4719-8790","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yujin J.","family":"Oak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University","place":["Cambridge"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5477-8051","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eloise A.","family":"Marais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, University College London","place":["London, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebekah P.","family":"Horner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, University College London","place":["London, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1020-3966","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew W.","family":"Rollins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory","place":["Boulder"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James H.","family":"Crawford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NASA Langley Research Center","place":["Hampton"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9181-3562","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ke","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology","place":["Nanjing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6628-1798","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hong","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology","place":["Nanjing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-16-12477-2016"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2115204118"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-earth-032320-090307"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1029\/2024JD041168","article-title":"Ozone formation sensitivity to precursors and lightning in the tropical troposphere based on airborne observations","volume":"129","author":"Nussbaumer C. M.","year":"2024","unstructured":"C. M. Nussbaumer , Ozone formation sensitivity to precursors and lightning in the tropical troposphere based on airborne observations. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 129, e2024JD041168 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1705","DOI":"10.1029\/97GL03591","article-title":"Sources and chemistry of NOx in the upper troposphere over the United States","volume":"25","author":"Jaegl\u00e9 L.","year":"1998","unstructured":"L. Jaegl\u00e9 , Sources and chemistry of NOx in the upper troposphere over the United States. Geophys. Res. Lett. 25, 1705\u20131708 (1998).","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-23-1227-2023"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-23-6271-2023"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2012JD017934"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1029\/2020JD033769","article-title":"Observations of lightning NOx production from GOES-R post launch test field campaign flights","volume":"126","author":"Allen D. J.","year":"2021","unstructured":"D. J. Allen , Observations of lightning NOx production from GOES-R post launch test field campaign flights. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 126, e2020JD033769 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1029\/2023JD039492","article-title":"Evaluation of lightning flash rate parameterizations in a cloud-resolved WRF-Chem simulation of the 29\u201330 May 2012 Oklahoma severe supercell system observed during DC3","volume":"129","author":"Cummings K. A.","year":"2024","unstructured":"K. A. Cummings , Evaluation of lightning flash rate parameterizations in a cloud-resolved WRF-Chem simulation of the 29\u201330 May 2012 Oklahoma severe supercell system observed during DC3. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 129, e2023JD039492 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13047","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-24-13047-2024","article-title":"Vertical profiles of global tropospheric nitrogen dioxide (NO2) obtained by cloud slicing the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI)","volume":"24","author":"Horner R. P.","year":"2024","unstructured":"R. P. Horner, E. A. Marais, N. Wei, R. G. Ryan, V. Shah, Vertical profiles of global tropospheric nitrogen dioxide (NO2) obtained by cloud slicing the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI). Atmos. Chem. Phys. 24, 13047\u201313064 (2024).","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2021GL095740"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9479","DOI":"10.1002\/2017GL074436","article-title":"Lightning no emissions: Reconciling measured and modeled estimates with updated NO chemistry","volume":"44","author":"Nault B. A.","year":"2017","unstructured":"B. A. Nault , Lightning no emissions: Reconciling measured and modeled estimates with updated NO chemistry. Geophys. Res. Lett. 44, 9479\u20139488 (2017).","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2018GL077728"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1468","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpca.5b07824","article-title":"Observational constraints on the oxidation of NOx in the upper troposphere","volume":"120","author":"Nault B. A.","year":"2016","unstructured":"B. A. Nault , Observational constraints on the oxidation of NOx in the upper troposphere. J. Phys. Chem. A. 120, 1468\u20131478 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. A."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1029\/2023GL107980","article-title":"Particulate nitrate photolysis as a possible driver of rising tropospheric ozone","volume":"51","author":"Shah V.","year":"2024","unstructured":"V. Shah , Particulate nitrate photolysis as a possible driver of rising tropospheric ozone. Geophys. Res. Lett. 51, e2023GL107980 (2024).","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-14-10565-2014"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13519","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-15-13519-2015","article-title":"OMI tropospheric NO2 profiles from cloud slicing: Constraints on surface emissions, convective transport and lightning NOx","volume":"15","author":"Belmonte Rivas M.","year":"2015","unstructured":"M. Belmonte Rivas, P. Veefkind, H. Eskes, P. Levelt, OMI tropospheric NO2 profiles from cloud slicing: Constraints on surface emissions, convective transport and lightning NOx. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 15, 13519\u201313553 (2015).","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17017","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-18-17017-2018","article-title":"Nitrogen oxides in the global upper troposphere: Interpreting cloud-sliced NO2 observations from the OMI satellite instrument","volume":"18","author":"Marais E. A.","year":"2018","unstructured":"E. A. Marais , Nitrogen oxides in the global upper troposphere: Interpreting cloud-sliced NO2 observations from the OMI satellite instrument. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 18, 17017\u201317027 (2018).","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-14-2389-2021"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jqsrt.2016.05.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1029\/2018GL081052","article-title":"Initial geostationary lightning mapper observations","volume":"46","author":"Rudlosky S. D.","year":"2019","unstructured":"S. D. Rudlosky, S. J. Goodman, K. S. Virts, E. C. Bruning, Initial geostationary lightning mapper observations. Geophys. Res. Lett. 46, 1097\u20131104 (2019).","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1134548","article-title":"Direct measurements of the convective recycling of the upper troposphere","volume":"315","author":"Bertram T. H.","year":"2007","unstructured":"T. H. Bertram , Direct measurements of the convective recycling of the upper troposphere. Science 315, 816\u2013820 (2007).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4403","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-10-4403-2017","article-title":"Quantification of the effect of modeled lightning NO2 on UV\u2013visible air mass factors","volume":"10","author":"Laughner J. L.","year":"2017","unstructured":"J. L. Laughner, R. C. Cohen, Quantification of the effect of modeled lightning NO2 on UV\u2013visible air mass factors. Atmos. Meas. Tech. 10, 4403\u20134419 (2017).","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-19-8863-2019"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2263","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-12-2263-2012","article-title":"Global NOx emission estimates derived from an assimilation of OMI tropospheric NO2 columns","volume":"12","author":"Miyazaki K.","year":"2012","unstructured":"K. Miyazaki, H. J. Eskes, K. Sudo, Global NOx emission estimates derived from an assimilation of OMI tropospheric NO2 columns. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 12, 2263\u20132288 (2012).","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-20-1483-2020"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22955","DOI":"10.1029\/96JD02160","article-title":"Three-dimensional study of the relative contributions of the different nitrogen sources in the troposphere","volume":"101","author":"Lamarque J. F.","year":"1996","unstructured":"J. F. Lamarque, G. P. Brasseur, P. G. Hess, J. F. M\u00fcller, Three-dimensional study of the relative contributions of the different nitrogen sources in the troposphere. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 101, 22955\u201322968 (1996).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26279","DOI":"10.1029\/1999JD900442","article-title":"Simulated tropospheric NO: Its evaluation, global distribution and individual source contributions","volume":"104","author":"Levy Ii H.","year":"1999","unstructured":"H. Levy Ii, W. J. Moxim, A. A. Klonecki, P. S. Kasibhatla, Simulated tropospheric NO: Its evaluation, global distribution and individual source contributions. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 104, 26279\u201326306 (1999).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1029\/2020MS002413","article-title":"Description of the NASA GEOS composition forecast modeling system GEOS-CF v1.0","volume":"13","author":"Keller C. A.","year":"2021","unstructured":"C. A. Keller , Description of the NASA GEOS composition forecast modeling system GEOS-CF v1.0. J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst. 13, e2020MS002413 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-15-11411-2015"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_2","unstructured":"EPA Air pollutant emissions trends data. https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/air-emissions-inventories\/air-pollutant-emissions-trends-data. Accessed 10 March 2025."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-10-1491-2010","article-title":"Smoke injection heights from fires in North America: Analysis of 5 years of satellite observations","volume":"10","author":"Val Martin M.","year":"2010","unstructured":"M. Val Martin , Smoke injection heights from fires in North America: Analysis of 5 years of satellite observations. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 10, 1491\u20131510 (2010).","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10101609"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1029\/2020JD033484","article-title":"Daytime oxidized reactive nitrogen partitioning in western US wildfire smoke plumes","volume":"126","author":"Calahorrano J. F. J.","year":"2021","unstructured":"J. F. J. Calahorrano , Daytime oxidized reactive nitrogen partitioning in western US wildfire smoke plumes. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 126, e2020JD033484 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/92JD00719"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1029\/2006JD007912","article-title":"Surface and lightning sources of nitrogen oxides over the United States: Magnitudes, chemical evolution, and outflow","volume":"112","author":"Hudman R. C.","year":"2007","unstructured":"R. C. Hudman , Surface and lightning sources of nitrogen oxides over the United States: Magnitudes, chemical evolution, and outflow. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 112, D12S05 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7027","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-24-7027-2024","article-title":"Interpreting geostationary environment monitoring spectrometer (GEMS) geostationary satellite observations of the diurnal variation in nitrogen dioxide (NO2) over East Asia","volume":"24","author":"Yang L. H.","year":"2024","unstructured":"L. H. Yang , Interpreting geostationary environment monitoring spectrometer (GEMS) geostationary satellite observations of the diurnal variation in nitrogen dioxide (NO2) over East Asia. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 24, 7027\u20137039 (2024).","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8943","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-24-8943-2024","article-title":"Quantifying the diurnal variation in atmospheric NO2 from Geostationary Environment Monitoring Spectrometer (GEMS) observations","volume":"24","author":"Edwards D. P.","year":"2024","unstructured":"D. P. Edwards , Quantifying the diurnal variation in atmospheric NO2 from Geostationary Environment Monitoring Spectrometer (GEMS) observations. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 24, 8943\u20138961 (2024).","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_40_2","unstructured":"NASA\/LARC\/SD\/ASDC TEMPO cloud pressure and fraction (O2-O2 dimer) V03 (PROVISIONAL). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5067\/IS-40e\/TEMPO\/CLDO4_L2.003. Accessed 29 September 2025."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_41_2","unstructured":"NASA\/LARC\/SD\/ASDC TEMPO NO2 tropospheric and stratospheric columns V03 (PROVISIONAL). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5067\/IS-40e\/TEMPO\/NO2_L2.003. Accessed 29 September 2025."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1029\/2024EA004165","article-title":"Algorithm theoretical basis for version 3 TEMPO O2\u2013O2 cloud product","volume":"12","author":"Wang H.","year":"2025","unstructured":"H. Wang , Algorithm theoretical basis for version 3 TEMPO O2\u2013O2 cloud product. Earth Space Sci. 12, e2024EA004165 (2025).","journal-title":"Earth Space Sci."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-5-529-2012","article-title":"Fast simulators for satellite cloud optical centroid pressure retrievals; Evaluation of OMI cloud retrievals","volume":"5","author":"Joiner J.","year":"2012","unstructured":"J. Joiner , Fast simulators for satellite cloud optical centroid pressure retrievals; Evaluation of OMI cloud retrievals. Atmos. Meas. Tech. 5, 529\u2013545 (2012).","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4093","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-11-4093-2018","article-title":"A cloud algorithm based on the O2\u2013O2 477 nm absorption band featuring an advanced spectral fitting method and the use of surface geometry-dependent Lambertian-equivalent reflectivity","volume":"11","author":"Vasilkov A.","year":"2018","unstructured":"A. Vasilkov , A cloud algorithm based on the O2\u2013O2 477 nm absorption band featuring an advanced spectral fitting method and the use of surface geometry-dependent Lambertian-equivalent reflectivity. Atmos. Meas. Tech. 11, 4093\u20134107 (2018).","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_45_2","unstructured":"C. Nowlan G. Gonz\u00e1lez Abad X. Liu H. Wang K. Chance \u201cTEMPO Nitrogen Dioxide Retrieval Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document\u201d (Version 1.0 Center for Astrophysics | Harvard and Smithsonian Cambridge MA 2025). 10.5067\/WX026254FI2U."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1029\/2021GL092783","article-title":"US COVID-19 shutdown demonstrates importance of background NO2 in inferring NOx emissions from satellite NO2 observations","volume":"48","author":"Qu Z.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Z. Qu , US COVID-19 shutdown demonstrates importance of background NO2 in inferring NOx emissions from satellite NO2 observations. Geophys. Res. Lett. 48, e2021GL092783 (2021).","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-16-13561-2016"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4209","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-11-4209-2011","article-title":"Global and regional effects of the photochemistry of CH3O2NO2: Evidence from ARCTAS","volume":"11","author":"Browne E. C.","year":"2011","unstructured":"E. C. Browne , Global and regional effects of the photochemistry of CH3O2NO2: Evidence from ARCTAS. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 11, 4209\u20134219 (2011).","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-8-987-2015","article-title":"Measurements of CH3O2NO2 in the upper troposphere","volume":"8","author":"Nault B. A.","year":"2015","unstructured":"B. A. Nault , Measurements of CH3O2NO2 in the upper troposphere. Atmos. Meas. Tech. 8, 987\u2013997 (2015).","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4707","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-16-4707-2016","article-title":"Interferences in photolytic NO2 measurements: Explanation for an apparent missing oxidant?","volume":"16","author":"Reed C.","year":"2016","unstructured":"C. Reed, M. J. Evans, P. Di Carlo, J. D. Lee, L. J. Carpenter, Interferences in photolytic NO2 measurements: Explanation for an apparent missing oxidant? Atmos. Chem. Phys. 16, 4707\u20134724 (2016).","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6759","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-14-6759-2021","article-title":"Modification of a conventional photolytic converter for improving aircraft measurements of NO2 via chemiluminescence","volume":"14","author":"Nussbaumer C. M.","year":"2021","unstructured":"C. M. Nussbaumer , Modification of a conventional photolytic converter for improving aircraft measurements of NO2 via chemiluminescence. Atmos. Meas. Tech. 14, 6759\u20136776 (2021).","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-23-2465-2023"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_53_2","unstructured":"J. B. Burkholder Chemical kinetics and photochemical data for use in atmospheric studies; evaluation number 19. JPL Open Repository. https:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/2014\/49199. Deposited 1 May 2020."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2425","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-13-2425-2020","article-title":"Single-photon laser-induced fluorescence detection of nitric oxide at sub-parts-per-trillion mixing ratios","volume":"13","author":"Rollins A. W.","year":"2020","unstructured":"A. W. Rollins , Single-photon laser-induced fluorescence detection of nitric oxide at sub-parts-per-trillion mixing ratios. Atmos. Meas. Tech. 13, 2425\u20132439 (2020).","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-13-00290.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4967","DOI":"10.1002\/2015JD024297","article-title":"Planning, implementation, and scientific goals of the Studies of Emissions and Atmospheric Composition, Clouds and Climate Coupling by Regional Surveys (SEAC4RS) field mission","volume":"121","author":"Toon O. B.","year":"2016","unstructured":"O. B. Toon , Planning, implementation, and scientific goals of the Studies of Emissions and Atmospheric Composition, Clouds and Climate Coupling by Regional Surveys (SEAC4RS) field mission. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 121, 4967\u20135009 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/2016JD025040"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2013.01.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1029\/2022JD037406","article-title":"LNOx emission model for air quality and climate studies using satellite lightning mapper observations","volume":"128","author":"Wu Y.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Y. Wu, A. Pour-Biazar, W. J. Koshak, P. Cheng, LNOx emission model for air quality and climate studies using satellite lightning mapper observations. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 128, e2022JD037406 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_60_2","unstructured":"NASA\/LARC\/SD\/ASDC TEMPO Level 2 V03 products. NASA EARTHDATA ASDC. https:\/\/asdc.larc.nasa.gov\/project\/TEMPO?level=2. Accessed 29 September 2025."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_61_2","unstructured":"NASA field campaign science teams NASA Tropospheric Chemistry Campaigns Data. NASA LaRC Suborbital Science Data for Atmospheric Composition. https:\/\/www-air.larc.nasa.gov\/missions\/merges\/. Accessed 29 September 2025."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_62_2","unstructured":"WINTER science team WINTER field campaign data. UCAR EOL Data Archive. https:\/\/www.eol.ucar.edu\/field_projects\/winter. Accessed 29 September 2025."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_63_2","unstructured":"AEROMMA science team AEROMMA field campaign data. NOAA CSL Data Repository. https:\/\/csl.noaa.gov\/projects\/aeromma\/data.html. Accessed 29 September 2025."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_64_2","unstructured":"NOAA GLM lightning flash Level 2 data. AWS. https:\/\/noaa-goes16.s3.amazonaws.com\/index.html#GLM-L2-LCFA\/. Accessed 29 September 2025."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_65_2","unstructured":"NASA GMAO GEOS-CF v1 simulation diagnostics. NASA Center for Climate Simulation. https:\/\/portal.nccs.nasa.gov\/datashare\/gmao\/geos-cf\/v1\/. Accessed 29 September 2025."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_66_2","unstructured":"R. P. Horner E. A. Marais Free tropospheric nitrogen dioxide concentrations from cloud-slicing TROPOMI. UCL Data Repository. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5522\/04\/28846736. Deposited 1 August 2025."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_67_2","unstructured":"R. Dang Free tropospheric nitrogen dioxide concentrations from cloud-slicing TEMPO. Zenodo. https:\/\/zenodo.org\/records\/15299339. Deposited 28 April 2025."}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1073\/pnas.2510535122","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1073\/pnas.2510535122","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T17:38:20Z","timestamp":1760463500000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/10.1073\/pnas.2510535122"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"42","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1073\/pnas.2510535122"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2510535122","relation":{},"ISSN":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-8424","type":"print"},{"value":"1091-6490","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-04-28","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-09-10","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-10-14","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e2510535122"}}