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Infrequent species drove community dissimilarity between old-growth and second-growth plots, and 40% of species in old-growth plots were absent as trees in second-growth forests up to 55 y old. Old-growth exclusive species (as trees and seedlings and saplings in OG plots and as seeds in seed traps in OG and SG) have extremely low abundance (11 trees\/ha; 1 seedling or sapling\/ha; 8 seeds\/ha), indicating strong source limitation. Old-growth exclusive species shared seed dispersal traits with old-growth specialists established in SG, providing no evidence of dispersal limitation. Old-growth specialist seedlings and saplings had higher survival in SG than in OG, providing no evidence of establishment limitation. 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