{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T19:28:10Z","timestamp":1791142090292,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"24","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,11,20]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Electron spin resonance spectroscopy has been used to study free radical generation in rats with acute sodium formate poisoning. The\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    spin-trapping technique was used with \u03b1-(4-pyridyl-1-oxide)-\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    -\n                    <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                    -butylnitrone (POBN), which reacts with free radical metabolites to form radical adducts, which were detected in the bile and urine samples from Fischer rats. The use of [\n                    <jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>\n                    C]-sodium formate and computer simulations of the spectra identified the 12-line spectrum as arising from the POBN\/carbon dioxide anion radical adduct. The identification of POBN\/\n                    <jats:sup>\u22c5<\/jats:sup>\n                    CO\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <jats:tex-math notation=\"LaTeX\">\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n\\usepackage{amsmath}\n\\usepackage{wasysym} \n\\usepackage{amsfonts} \n\\usepackage{amssymb} \n\\usepackage{amsbsy}\n\\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n\\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n\\begin{document}\n\\begin{equation*}{\\mathrm{_{2}^{-}}}\\end{equation*}\\end{document}<\/jats:tex-math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    radical adduct provides direct electron spin resonance spectroscopy evidence for the formation of\n                    <jats:sup>\u22c5<\/jats:sup>\n                    CO\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <jats:tex-math notation=\"LaTeX\">\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n\\usepackage{amsmath}\n\\usepackage{wasysym} \n\\usepackage{amsfonts} \n\\usepackage{amssymb} \n\\usepackage{amsbsy}\n\\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n\\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n\\begin{document}\n\\begin{equation*}{\\mathrm{_{2}^{-}}}\\end{equation*}\\end{document}<\/jats:tex-math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    radicals during acute intoxication by sodium formate, suggesting a free radical metabolic pathway. To study the mechanism of free radical generation by formate, we tested several known inhibitors. Both allopurinol, an inhibitor of xanthine oxidase, and aminobenzotriazole, a cytochrome P450 inhibitor, decreased free radical formation from formate, which may imply a dependence on hydrogen peroxide. In accord with this hypothesis, the catalase inhibitor 3-aminotriazole caused a significant increase in free radical formation. The iron chelator Desferal decreased the formation of free radicals up to 2-fold. Presumably, iron plays a role in the mechanism of free radical generation by formate via the Fenton reaction. The detection of formate free radical metabolites generated\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    and the key role of the Fenton reaction in this process may be important for understanding the pathogenesis of both formate and methanol intoxication.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.251091098","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,26]],"date-time":"2002-07-26T10:35:07Z","timestamp":1027679707000},"page":"13549-13553","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":64,"title":["An\n                    <i>in vivo<\/i>\n                    ESR spin-trapping study: Free radical generation in rats from formate intoxication\u2014 role of the Fenton reaction"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"98","author":[{"given":"Anna E.","family":"Dikalova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Pharmacology and Chemistry, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria B.","family":"Kadiiska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Pharmacology and Chemistry, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronald P.","family":"Mason","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Pharmacology and Chemistry, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2001,11,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0773.1991.tb01290.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","first-page":"127","volume":"35","author":"Jacobsen D","year":"1997","unstructured":"D Jacobsen, K E McMartin J Clin Toxicol 35, 127\u2013143 (1997).","journal-title":"J Clin Toxicol"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-008X(75)90174-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","first-page":"853","volume":"68","author":"Liesivuori J","year":"1987","unstructured":"J Liesivuori, V-M Kosma, A Naukkarinen, H Savolainen Brit J Exp Pathol 68, 853\u2013861 (1987).","journal-title":"Brit J Exp Pathol"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-9351(82)90031-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2944(75)90171-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(80)90113-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03259846"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0163-7258(80)90057-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(91)90703-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-008X(91)90336-D"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","first-page":"723","volume":"42","author":"Kadiiska M B","year":"1992","unstructured":"M B Kadiiska, P M Hanna, L Hernandez, R P Mason Mol Pharmacol 42, 723\u2013729 (1992).","journal-title":"Mol Pharmacol"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0272-0590(92)90026-E"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/taap.1999.8860"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/abbi.1993.1293"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","first-page":"829","volume":"27","author":"Rhoden E L","year":"1999","unstructured":"E L Rhoden, L Pereira-Lima, M Mauri, M L Lucas, C R Rhoden, A Bello-Klein Med Sci Res 27, 829\u2013830 (1999).","journal-title":"Med Sci Res"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.126.3285.1241"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","first-page":"292","volume":"143","author":"Tephly T R","year":"1964","unstructured":"T R Tephly, R E Parks, G J Mannering J Pharmacol Exp Ther 143, 292\u2013300 (1964).","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","volume-title":"Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals","year":"1985","unstructured":"Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (Natl. 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