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U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Simultaneous measurements of HDO, H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>\n                    O, and H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sup>16<\/jats:sup>\n                    O in water evolved during pyrolysis of powdered rock samples acquired by the Curiosity rover within Gale crater\u2019s clay-bearing units indicate extreme and variable heavy-isotope enrichments averaging ~4.5 times the D\/H ratio and ~1.03 times the\n                    <jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>\n                    O\/\n                    <jats:sup>16<\/jats:sup>\n                    O ratio of terrestrial seawater. These enrichments are recorded in water desorbed from mineral surfaces and evolved from poorly crystalline phases, hydrated salts, jarosite, and clays. All evolved waters are deuterium-enriched relative to common terrestrial waters, reflecting hydrogen loss to space. Because oxygen in structurally bound hydroxyl groups is least likely to exchange with other sources over geologic timescales, we focus on oxygen in water evolved during dehydroxylation of smectite clays. Several samples have\n                    <jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>\n                    O\/\n                    <jats:sup>16<\/jats:sup>\n                    O ratios commensurate with precipitation from, or near-complete equilibration with, water moderately\n                    <jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>\n                    O-enriched relative to terrestrial meteoric waters\u2014consistent with other evidence that Mars\u2019s hydrosphere is basically like Earth\u2019s in terms of oxygen isotopes. Unlike hydrogen, oxygen atmospheric escape did not lead to extreme\n                    <jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>\n                    O enrichments on Mars. Locally, however, most Gale smectites\u2019\n                    <jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>\n                    O\/\n                    <jats:sup>16<\/jats:sup>\n                    O values require a pronounced\n                    <jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>\n                    O-enrichment of their parental waters. On Earth, the most extreme\n                    <jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>\n                    O enrichments in surface waters are found in closed basins having undergone significant evaporative loss into a low-humidity atmosphere, and the\n                    <jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>\n                    O\/\n                    <jats:sup>16<\/jats:sup>\n                    O of authigenic clay minerals formed in these environs reflect those enrichments. A similar process acting on the hydrologic reservoir local to Gale at the time of clay formation and early diagenesis is a plausible explanation for the distinctive oxygen isotopic compositions of these clays.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2511627122","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T19:02:56Z","timestamp":1760986976000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Oxygen isotopic evidence that Gale crater, Mars, was home to an Early Hesperian water reservoir that underwent significant evaporation"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"122","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6869-5118","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amy E.","family":"Hofmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology","place":["Pasadena"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"P. 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