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We find that mothers who report to be income insufficient were more likely to have lower educational attainment, report low-income, experience higher levels of stress, and encounter more adverse life events. Controlling for these variables, income insufficiency was specifically associated with delayed brain development in the first year of life; infants developing in a household where parents felt their income was inadequate to support the family\u2019s needs exhibited slower rates of change in alpha peak frequency, alpha power, and beta power. Together, these findings provide a framework of understanding and visualizing how early adversity impacts neurodevelopment and provides evidence for the potential utility of maternal income sufficiency as an additional screening tool to accelerate identification of populations most vulnerable and in need for early intervention.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2513598123","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T20:02:28Z","timestamp":1767643348000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Income insufficiency impacts early brain development in infants facing increased psychosocial adversity: A network-based approach"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"123","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1428-5866","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haerin","family":"Chung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Developmental Medicine, Boston 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