{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T07:40:21Z","timestamp":1785483621022,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"48","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764028800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"HHS | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZIA AI001196-06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZIA AI001196-06"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OPP1217659"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPP1217659"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"HHS | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01 AI151801"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01 AI151801"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"HHS | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U24AI183870"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U24AI183870"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Mosquito-borne diseases such as malaria and dengue threaten billions of people and cause the death of hundreds of thousands annually. Recent studies have revealed that many mosquito species regularly engage in high-altitude wind-borne migration, but its epidemiological significance remains unclear. The hypothesis that high-flying mosquitoes spread pathogens over long distances has not been directly tested. Here, we report that high-flying mosquitoes are commonly infected with arboviruses, protozoans, and helminths and provide a insights into this pathogen\u2013vector aerial network. A total of 1,017 female mosquitoes intercepted on nets suspended from helium balloons at 120 to 290 m above ground over Mali and Ghana were screened for infection with arboviruses, Haemosporida, and filariae. The mosquitoes collected at altitude comprised 61 species, across 10 genera, dominated by\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Culex<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Aedes,<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Anopheles<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Infection and infectiousness (capacity to transmit a pathogen to another host inferred based on disseminated infection) rates of migrant mosquitoes were 7.2% and 4.4% with\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Plasmodium<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp., 1.6% and 0.6% with filariae, and 3.5% and 1.1% with flaviviruses, respectively. Twenty-one mosquito-borne pathogens were identified, including Dengue, West Nile, and M\u2019Poko viruses, 15 avian\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Plasmodium<\/jats:italic>\n                    species including\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Plasmodium matutinum<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and three filariids, including\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Pelecitus<\/jats:italic>\n                    sp. Confirmed head\u2013thorax (disseminated) infections of multiple pathogens in\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Culex perexiguus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Mansonia uniformis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Anopheles squamosus<\/jats:italic>\n                    reveal that pathogens carried by high-altitude wind-borne mosquitoes are capable of infecting hosts far from their departure location. This high-altitude traffic of sylvatic pathogens (circulating in wild animals) may be key to their maintenance among enzootic foci as well as initiating outbreaks at distant locations.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2513739122","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T19:02:44Z","timestamp":1764097364000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Pathogens spread by high-flying wind-borne mosquitoes"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"122","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9031-1731","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roland","family":"Bamou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Intramural Research, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of 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Diseases, National Institutes of Health","place":["Rockville"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5422-1982","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Koray","family":"Ergunay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology, Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History","place":["Washington"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2638-0967","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brian P.","family":"Bourke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology, Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History","place":["Washington"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moussa","family":"Diallo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Malaria Research and Training Center\/Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Odonto-Stomatology University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako","place":["Bamako, Mali"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zana L.","family":"Sanogo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Malaria Research and Training Center\/Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Odonto-Stomatology University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako","place":["Bamako, Mali"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samake","family":"Djibril","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Malaria Research and Training Center\/Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Odonto-Stomatology University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako","place":["Bamako, Mali"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6576-523X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yaw A.","family":"Afrane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Ghana Medical School, University of Ghana","place":["Accra, Ghana"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdul Rahim","family":"Mohammed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Ghana Medical School, University of Ghana","place":["Accra, Ghana"]},{"name":"Department of Animal Biology and Conservation Science, University of Ghana","place":["Accra, Ghana"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4839-3232","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher M.","family":"Owusu-Asenso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Ghana Medical School, University of Ghana","place":["Accra, Ghana"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriel","family":"Akosah-Brempong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Ghana Medical School, University of Ghana","place":["Accra, Ghana"]},{"name":"Biotechnology and Nuclear Agriculture Research Institute, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission","place":["Accra, Ghana"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cosmos","family":"M. Pambit-Zong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Ghana Medical School, University of Ghana","place":["Accra, Ghana"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5769-8946","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamin J.","family":"Krajacich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Intramural Research, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health","place":["Rockville"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9997-7801","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roy","family":"Faiman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Intramural Research, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health","place":["Rockville"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. Andreina","family":"Pacheco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology Department\/Institute of Genomics and Evolutionary Medicine, Temple University","place":["Philadelphia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ananias A.","family":"Escalante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology Department\/Institute of Genomics and Evolutionary Medicine, Temple University","place":["Philadelphia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8016-8556","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Scott C.","family":"Weaver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch","place":["Galveston"]},{"name":"World Reference Center of Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch","place":["Galveston"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-3846-4927","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rita","family":"Nartey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Intramural Research, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health","place":["Rockville"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7475-4441","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jason W.","family":"Chapman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University","place":["Nanjing, People\u2019s Republic of China"]},{"name":"Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn","place":["Cornwall, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8749-7491","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Don R.","family":"Reynolds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich","place":["Chatham, United Kingdom"]},{"name":"Rothamsted Research, Harpenden","place":["Hertfordshire, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yvonne-Marie","family":"Linton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology, Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History","place":["Washington"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8142-3915","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tovi","family":"Lehmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Intramural Research, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health","place":["Rockville"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aah4379"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-3527(06)67012-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-77196-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.en.33.010188.001151"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2023.0117"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007485300009950"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1641\/B570206"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.12407"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1009526"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2013.02.022"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585-37.6.797"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-04037-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep03361"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2301666120"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2023.1581"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Z. L. Sanogo The effects of high-altitude windborne migration on survival oviposition and blood-feeding of the African Malaria Mosquito Anopheles gambiae s.l. (Diptera: Culicidae). J. Med. Entomol. 58 343\u2013349 (2021).","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjaa137"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511470875.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/165285a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","first-page":"299","article-title":"The possibility of active long-distance migrations by Anopheles pharoensis Theobald","volume":"27","author":"Garrett-Jones C.","year":"1962","unstructured":"C. Garrett-Jones, The possibility of active long-distance migrations by Anopheles pharoensis Theobald. Bull. World Health Organ. 27, 299\u2013302 (1962).","journal-title":"Bull. 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