{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T11:57:00Z","timestamp":1792411020920,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"26","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,12,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The bacterium\n                    <jats:italic>Helicobacter pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                    colonizes the\n gastric mucosa of half of the human population, resulting in chronic\n gastritis, ulcers, and cancer. We sequenced ten gene fragments from\n pairs of strains isolated sequentially at a mean interval of 1.8 years\n from 26 individuals. Several isolates had acquired small mosaic\n segments from other\n                    <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                    or point mutations. The\n maximal mutation rate, the import size, and the frequency of\n recombination were calculated by using a Bayesian model. The\n calculations indicate that the last common ancestor of\n                    <jats:italic>H.\n pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                    existed at least 2,500\u201311,000 years ago. Imported\n mosaics have a median size of 417 bp, much smaller than for other\n bacteria, and recombination occurs frequently (60 imports spanning\n 25,000 bp per genome per year). Thus, the panmictic population\n structure of\n                    <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                    results from very frequent\n recombination during mixed colonization by unrelated strains.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.251396098","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,26]],"date-time":"2002-07-26T10:36:44Z","timestamp":1027679804000},"page":"15056-15061","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":339,"title":["Recombination and mutation during long-term gastric colonization by\n                    <i>Helicobacter pylori<\/i>\n                    : Estimates of clock rates, recombination size, and minimal age"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"98","author":[{"given":"Daniel","family":"Falush","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Max-Planck Institut f\u00fcr Infektionsbiologie, Schumannstrasse\r 21\/22, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Institut f\u00fcr\r Hygiene und Mikrobiologie, Universit\u00e4t W\u00fcrzburg,\r Josef-Schneider Strasse 2, 97080 W\u00fcrzburg, Germany;\r Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts\r Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139; and\r Louisiana State University Medical Center, New Orleans,\r LA 70112"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Kraft","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max-Planck Institut f\u00fcr Infektionsbiologie, Schumannstrasse\r 21\/22, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Institut f\u00fcr\r Hygiene und Mikrobiologie, Universit\u00e4t W\u00fcrzburg,\r Josef-Schneider Strasse 2, 97080 W\u00fcrzburg, Germany;\r Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts\r Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139; and\r Louisiana State University Medical Center, New Orleans,\r LA 70112"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nancy S.","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max-Planck Institut f\u00fcr Infektionsbiologie, Schumannstrasse\r 21\/22, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Institut f\u00fcr\r Hygiene und Mikrobiologie, Universit\u00e4t W\u00fcrzburg,\r Josef-Schneider Strasse 2, 97080 W\u00fcrzburg, Germany;\r Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts\r Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139; and\r Louisiana State University Medical Center, New Orleans,\r LA 70112"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pelayo","family":"Correa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max-Planck Institut f\u00fcr Infektionsbiologie, Schumannstrasse\r 21\/22, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Institut f\u00fcr\r Hygiene und Mikrobiologie, Universit\u00e4t W\u00fcrzburg,\r Josef-Schneider Strasse 2, 97080 W\u00fcrzburg, Germany;\r Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts\r Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139; and\r Louisiana State University Medical Center, New Orleans,\r LA 70112"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James G.","family":"Fox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max-Planck Institut f\u00fcr Infektionsbiologie, Schumannstrasse\r 21\/22, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Institut f\u00fcr\r Hygiene und Mikrobiologie, Universit\u00e4t W\u00fcrzburg,\r Josef-Schneider Strasse 2, 97080 W\u00fcrzburg, Germany;\r Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts\r Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139; and\r Louisiana State University Medical Center, New Orleans,\r LA 70112"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Achtman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max-Planck Institut f\u00fcr Infektionsbiologie, Schumannstrasse\r 21\/22, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Institut f\u00fcr\r Hygiene und Mikrobiologie, Universit\u00e4t W\u00fcrzburg,\r Josef-Schneider Strasse 2, 97080 W\u00fcrzburg, Germany;\r Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts\r Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139; and\r Louisiana State University Medical Center, New Orleans,\r LA 70112"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebastian","family":"Suerbaum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max-Planck Institut f\u00fcr Infektionsbiologie, Schumannstrasse\r 21\/22, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Institut f\u00fcr\r Hygiene und Mikrobiologie, Universit\u00e4t W\u00fcrzburg,\r Josef-Schneider Strasse 2, 97080 W\u00fcrzburg, Germany;\r Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts\r Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139; 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